Wm. T. M. Forbes.
The North American Families of Lepidoptera.
Psyche 21(2):53-65, 1914.

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PSYCHE
VOL. XXI. APRIL, 1914. NO. 2
THE NORTH AMERICAN FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERA. BY WM. T. M. FORBES,
Worcester, Mass.
The following is an attempt to present in tabular form the differences in the families of Lepidoptera which occur in the United States, to which the few well characterized Central Amer- ican families of Macros have been added for completeness. None of the accepted lists have been followed strictly in family delim- itation. but on the other hand none of the changes is new. The butterflies are according to the system followed by Scudder and Comstock; the Macro-heterocera follow Dyar's list with a couple of changes; the Tineids are separated along the lines laid down in various papers by Busck, with the addition of the primitive families recognized by Spuler in the European fauna. As compared with Dyar's list the principal changes are the following :
The Parnassiidse are combined with the Papilionidse. The Agapetidse, Heliconidse, Ithomyidse, ~ymnadidse, Liby- theidas, and Nymphalidse are combined as Nymphalidse. The Megathymidas with the Hesperiidse.
The Nycteolidse with the Noctuidse, following Hampson. I
am not at all sure that the union is justified, but no satisfactory family characters have been developed, and a number of the genera are doubtful. The most distinct characters of the Nycteo- lib are the slender male frenulum-hook, the peculiarly enlarged and bent basal joint of the antenna, the head-vestiture, and the raised scaling. The last is shared by various Noctuids, and inter- grades seem to occur in the case of the other characters. The peculiar wing-form, which seems to have first given Nycteola its family status, is not shared by our second species, Characoma nilotica ( = N. proteella) .
-
Pu&e 21:SJ-64 (1914). hup ttpsychu einclub orgt21t21-051 html



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54 Psyche [April
Apatelodes is transferred to the mainly tropica1,family Euptero- tidse, on both larval and adult characters, but it makes a very distinct subfamily, largely developed in South America. So far
as I can see the Australia Chelepteryx will also belong to it,
and probably other Australian genera.
It seems to be one of
the interesting types, like the marsupials, which have survived only in America and Australia.
Psychophora faxiata is a normal Noctuid, with large ocelli and typical trifid Noctuid venation; on the other hand, so far as I can see, Curtis' figures of P. sabinii represent the common arctic Hydriomenid geometer which Hulst considered it to be. The Pyromorphidse and Chalcosiidse have been treated as sub- families of the typically European family Zygsenidse. Aco- loithus, of our species, might about as well be placed in the typical Zygseninse, next to Ino, as among the Pyromorphinse. The following partial generic list will explain the disposition of the Tineina :
Yponomeutida'
Simsethis
Choreutis
Allononyma
Setiostoma
Glyphip teryx
Atteva ((Eta)
Yponomeuta
Plutella
Cerostoma
Trachoma
Scythris ?
Argyresthia ?
Zelleria ?
Epermenia ?
Schreckensteinia ?
Gelechiidae
as in Dyar's list
CEcophoridae
as in Dyar's list
also Eido
Endrosis
but not Ethmia
Ethmiidce
E thmia
Stenomatidce
Stenoma
Ide
Brachiloma
Blastobasida
as in Dyar's list
exc. Endrosis
Cosmopterygidce
Coleophora ?
Batrachedra ?
Cosmopteryx
Lymnsecia
Stilbosis
Mompha (Laverna)
Walshia
Theisoa (Cacelice)
Chrysopeleia
Psacaphora
Leucophryne
Erineda ?
Elachistidce
Elachista
Helwzelidce
Heliozela
Antispila
Cycloplasis ?
Coptodisca ?
Douglasia ?
Tinagma ?
Heliodinidoe
Heliodines
Acrolepiid ae
Acrolepia
Gracilariidce
Chilocampyla
Acrocercops
Parectopa
Gracilaria
Lithocolletis
Cremastobombycia
Ornix
Leucanthiza
Marmara
Lyonetiidoe
Bedellia ?
Proleucoptera
Philonome
Lyonetia
Phyllocnistis
Bucculatrix ?




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19141 Forbes-The North American Families of Lepidoptera Tinendas
Argyresthia ?
Zelleria ?
Monopis
Tinea
Trichophaga
Tineola
Scardia
Xylesthia
Amydria
Setomorpha
Anaphora
Acrolophus
Hypoclopus a
Pseudanaphora
Tischeriidc~ ,
Tischeria
Coptotriche
Opostegidce
Opostega
Nepticzdidce
Nepticula
Ectcedemia
Trifurcula
Adelidas
Incurvaria
Brackenridgia
Cyane ?
Isocorypha?
Graya ?
Nemotois
Adela
Prodoxidce
Prodoxus
Pronuba
I acknowledge considerable help from Mr. Busck in this part of the table, and regret he was unable to take time to contribute the Tineina as a whole.
The interrogation points indicate some
of the principal points where the family positions are uncertain, either from lack of study of dissections, or from failure to develop characters of true family rank.
Most of the genera I have not
seen I ha,ve simply omitted from the list, unless their position was quite evident. The Heliozelidse, as they stand here are hetero- geneous, with little doubt.
Part of the genera may be distributed
among the recognized families, while some may need to become typical of new ones. There are indications of a connection between Tischeria, Opostega and this group, through such forms as the Old-world genus Opogona, which may or may not be sig- nificant. Opostega is certainly aculeate, Tischeria has structures corresponding to aculese, but so enlarged and modified that their status is doubtful, while I am unable to see any at all in Antispila. The whole range of structure in the five families Gelechiidse to Blastobasidse is hardly as significant as that within the Tineidse, even as here restricted.
The principal difference from the arrangement in Cornstock's Manual is the treatment of the Tortricina, Geometrina and Pyra- lidina; (except the feathered forms) each as a single family. His Cymatophoridse is the Thyatiridse of this table, and his Zygse- nidse are here called Syntomidse, following general European usage in treating Zygsena as the group related to Pyromorpha. The Auzatidse have been combined with the Drepanidse (Platyp- terygidse) .
Kirby's Bibliography is so different in its treatment of family



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56 Psyche [April
lines that a detailed comparison is not worth while; for instance his Lasiocampidse are here divided among the Saturniidse, Lono- miidse, Eupterotidse, Lasiocampidse, and Megalopygidse, members of most of which also occur in others of his families. The characters used are in general familiar, and fully explained, for instance, in Smith's Glossary of Entomology, but the following points may not be clear. The "quadrifid" venation is that in which M 2 and M 3 are so closely associated with the stem of cubitus as to appear more or less dislocated branches of it, as well as the two true branches of cubitus; in the trifid venation only MB is associated with cubitus, and Ma is free, associated with the radial stem, or lost; of course in primitive forms, where the medials keep their basal connection direct, the cubitus has only the two branches that properly belong to it. When only one pair of palpi are developed they are the labial; but in a few primitive forms, such as Prodoxus, the maxillary palpi are the larger and more conspicuous-they can be easily distinguished by their attachment to the tongue, and in these primitive forms by their larger number of movability, being folded near the middle in in dead material.
Aculese are minute spinules scattered over They are several times as numerous as the as only to be visible with higher powers of joints (5) and free
repose, and usually
the wing-membrane.
scales, but so small
the microscope, and
being covered by the scales can only be seen in bleached and stained or denuded wings. In the Micropterygidse, Hepialidse, Prodoxidse, Adelidse and Nepticulidse they are generally distrib- uted; in the Heliozelidse, Tischeriidse and Opostegidse they are mostly in the region of the base of the cell of the fore wing, and somewhat difficult to find; while in all the other Lepidoptera they are absent, except for a patch of enlarged modified ones near the base of the inner edge of the fore wing. The antennae in the great majority of Lepidoptera have regu- larly imbricated scales on the upper side of the shaft, while the sides, pectinations when present, and under side are covered only with minute sensory hairs. In the lowest families, however, such as the Tineidse, the whole surface is scaled, and on the other hand the Saturniidse have lost all the scales except on the basal joint.




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19141 Forbes-The North American Families of Lepidoptera 57 At the base of the abdomen, on each side, there is a large cavity, which, to judge by its position and gross structure, is probably auditory in function. This is called the tympanic cavity here, and its outlet, which dies at the boundary between thorax and abdomen, the tympanic opening. Usually it is high
up, about on the level of the wings in a spread specimen, but in the Geometridse it is lower, and generally very conspicuous. In the Pericopidse, where it is also particularly large, it is as high as in most families, and projects slightly above the general surface of the abdomen.
In counting the number of anals in the fore wing (alternative No. 8) an imperfect and rudimentary first anal, which only forms a short bar near the margin, is often met; in the Macros (forms with the wing-membrane three or four times as wide as its fringe or more, and generally hairy or deep vestiture) such a rudiment is not counted; in the Micros (where the wing-membrane is not more than twice as wide as its fringe, and the vestiture, except on the head, is scaly) it is. Doubtful cases have generally been entered twice in the table, but no attempt has been made to make the part referring to the Tineina complete. Table of Families.1
1. Winged ............................................................. 2 ........................................................... 1. Wingless 52
2. Hind wings with four or five radials, with at least ten veins besides anals, wing- ............................................. membrane spinulated .3 2. Hind wings with only one free radial (two in the otherwise much reduced Doug- lasia group); with at most six (or with Sc, 7) veins from cell. ........... .4 3. Wings hardly wider than their fringe, expanse about one-half inch MICROPTERYGIDB
3. Wings ample, fringe narrow, expanse over one inch. ............ HEPIALIDB 4. Each wing deeply cleft into six narrow strips. ................ .ORNEODID^B 4. Fore wing moderately cleft into two, and hind wing deeply into three feathers PTEROPHORIDB
4. Wings entire, or fore wing only, moderately cleft. ....................... .5 5. Inner margin of fore wing and costal margin of hind wing narrowly folded, and interlocking; fore wing at least four times as long as wide, and base, at least, of hind wing transparent. ................................ .^EGERIIDB 5. Wings not interlocking at middle of margin, very rarely transparent, and if so with broader fore wings. ........................................ .6 1 The New England families are indicated by small capitals.



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58 Psyche [April
6. Hind wing lanceolate, without marked anal angle, or notched below apex and trapezoidal; the fringe almost as wide as wing, or wider. . TINEINA in part 55 6. Hind wings much broader than their fringe, never lanceolate and rarely trape- zoidal with produced apex. ........................................ .7 7. A double series of enlarged and divergent scales along Cu of hind wing below Pterophoridce (Agdistince)
7. No such specialized scales. ........................................... .8 8. Fore wing with two anals at margin. .................................. .9 8. Fore wing with only one anal reaching margin, 1st A rudimentary, or repre- sented by a fold; 3d A at most by a short spur ...................... 15 9. Antennae strongly clubbed. .................................... Castniidos 9. Antennae tapering regularly. ......................................... .10 10. Sc and R of hind wing independent, parallel, connected by a strong cross-vein ....................................
near middle of cell or beyond.
.ll
10. Sc arising from cell near middle (sometimes free also for a short distance near base ..................................................... EUCLEIDB ........................................... 10. Sc arising near tip of cell.
.14
10. Sc arising separate from R, running closely parallel to it to well beyond end of cell, or fused with it beyond end of cell; the base of R in that case either .............
complete, showing as a short spur, or lost.. PYRALIDIDB in part
10. Sc. entirely independent of R, or connected by a weak cross-vein, or one near base of wing, Sc and R sharplydivergent before end of cell, TIXEIXA in part 55 ....................................... 11. Fore wing with accessory cell. .12 .................................................. 11. No accessory cell. .13
12, Wings lanceolate, strong; body heavy, far exceeding the hind wings when .................................................... spread. COSSIDB
................. 12. Wings ample, rounded, body short and slender. .Dalceridos .....................
13. Tongue developed, palpi scaled.
Zygoenidce (Chalcosiinoe)
.......
13. Tongue absent, palpi small and hairy or absent. .most PSYCH ID^ (8s)
14. R 5 long-stalked, colors light, the northern species with crinkly hair on fore ................................................ wing MEGALGPYGIDB
....... 14. R 5 from cell, dark, smoothly scaled forms ZYGBNIDB (PYROMORPHIXB)
....... 15. Hind wing with three anals, the first often fading out toward base. .16
15. Hind wing with two anals or less, at most with a short spur of 1st A at margin .......................................... in broad-winged forms. .17
16. Sc and R of hind wing closely parallel or fused beyond end of cell PYRALIDIDB in part
.......
16. Sc and R strongly divergent from before end of cell. TINEINA in part 55
17. Antennae distinctly swollen toward tip, and frenuluni wanting, (Butterflies) 18 17. Antennae not swollen toward tip, or if so (Agaristidae, S~hingidae) with a strong ........................................................ frenulum 23
18. Fore wing with all veins present, from cell, eyes strongly lashed in front, an- tennse separated at base by a distance greater than half width of eyes HESPERIIDE
18. Fore wing with some radials stalked or absent, eyes rarely lashed, antennae ................................................. closer together. .19
...........................
19. Hind wing with only one anal..
.PAPILIONIDE




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19141 Forbes~The North American Families of Lepidoptera 59 .............................
Hind wing with two well-developed anals. .20
M2 from middle of end of cell in both wings, or obsolete, fore wing in northern ..................................
species with ten or eleven veins.
.21
M2 distinctly associated with radial stem, in one, and usually in both wings; lower discocellular vein often obsolete, with at least a trace of a humeral vein. ........................................................... .22 ....................
A humeral vein in hind wing..
Erycinidce (Riodinidoe)
........................................... No humeral vein. LYCBNIDB
Butterfly walking on four legs (except female of Hypatus), radius five-branched, .......................................... Mi from cell. NYMPHALIDE
Butterfly using all its legs for walking, radius usually four-branched, Mi stalked with it. .................................................... PIERIDE Our species very stout and two inches or more in expanse, the hind wings rarely reaching beyond middle of abdomen, Sc and R of hind wing connected at the middle of the cell or rather before by a vein (Ri) which is as strong as ......... any; and then closely parallel to end of cell or beyond. SPHINGIDE
Wings proportionately larger, Sc and R rarely connected by a strong cross vein, ............................
and if so, strongly divergent beyond it. .24
Sc and R separate, but connected by a more or less distinct cross-vein; accessory cell fused with discal cell, but with the line of separation (R4+ 5) indicated by a slight thickening, starting from an angulation in the stem of R; species ............................
under one inch in expanse.
a few TINEINA 55
.......
Accessory cell separated by a full-sized vein, or completely absent. .25
Cu of fore wing apparently three- (in a couple of Lithosians two-) branched. .26 Cu of fore wing apparently four-branched. ............................ .40 Frenulumnormal ................................................... 27 Frenulum rudimentary (less then one fifteenth length of hind wings) or absent 33 Sc and R fused from base of hind wing beyond middle, swollen at the base, then rapidly diverging; very slender. ................ LITHOSIIDE in part Sc and R separate at extreme base, then closely approximate or fused a greater orlessdistance ................................................... 28 Sc and R sharply divergent from close to base ....... URANIIDB (EPIPLEMIN~E) Stout-bodied moths, the thorax at least a sixth as wide as length of fore wings 29
Slender moths. .................................................... .32 A strong brace vein from an angle near base of Sc to root of frenulum GEOMETRIDB in part
Sc moderately thickened and curved at base. .......................... .30 Cu apparently three-branched in hind wing. ........................... .31 Cu apparently four-branched in hind wing. ..................... THYATIRIDE Tongue wholly absent, the northern species with hyaline subterminal spots EUPTEROTIDE (APATELODINB)
Tongue distinct, usually strong; wings fully scaled. ............ NOTODONTIDE Tympanic opening at base of abdomen small and subdorsal, 1st A usually partly present, Sc of hind wing slightly bent at base and but little enlarged; the humeral angle not expanded. Usually with Ma and Cui stalked in both wings. ..................................................... Dioptidce



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60 Psyche [April
32. Tympanic opening with a few exceptions conspicuous, lateral; 1st A wholly absent in both wings; Sc of hind wing sharply bent or much enlarged at base, almost always with a brace vein running across to base of frenulum most GEOMETRIDB
33. Sc and R of hind wing fused for a very short distance, then sharply divergent, separate from base, or connected by a weak cross-vein; tympanic opening .................................................. inconspicuous. .34 33. Sc sharply divergent from R at extreme base, then sharply bent and touching, fusing or closely parallel to it or connected by a strong cross-vein; tympanic opening conspicuous, lateral. ....................... a few GEOMETRID~ 34. Antennae not scaled beyond basal joint. ............................... .25 34. Antennae closely scaled on upper side. ................................ .36 35. Two anals; MI of fore wing connate or stalked with radial stem, CERATOCAMPIDB MI separate from radial stem; with only one anal, or upper discocellular vein long and longitudinal. ................................... SATURNIIDE Sc of hind wing sharply divergent from R from close to base. ............ .37 Sc and R parallel at base, connected by a weak cross-vein. ............... .39 Rfis widely separated from Ra all the way from cell to margin, ... LACOSOMIDB RA and Rs arising from cell closely associated with Ra. .................. .38 R5 and Mi stalked or closely approximate at base, and separate from R4 Uruniidoe (Uruniinoe)
Rs separate from R4, which may be stalked with R3. ............. Lonomiidoe Frenulum about one-sixteenth length of hind wing. . Eupterotidce (Eupterotinoe) Frenulum obsolescent, not exceeding humeral angle, or absent. .. Bombycidoe Cu2 of fore wing arising from cell about a third way out from base, or even nearer base; Rs stalked with Mi, with humeral veins in our species; no frenulu rn ............................................. LASIOCAMPIDB Cua of fore wing arising well beyond middle of cell; usually with frenulum. .41 Sc and R of hind wing strong and parallel to beyond end of cell, and then ap- proaching very close or fusing a short distance. .............. .DREPANIDE Sc and R fusing before end of cell or wholly independent. ............... .42 Fore wing with complete venation (twelve veins) all the radials, medials and cubitals arising separately, or with R2 and a shortly stalked. ..... THYRIDIDB R3 and i or R4 and 5 long-stalked or with some veins absent. ............. .43 Sc apparently absent (fused except at extreme base with R) ...... SYNTOMIDE Sc and R separating before end of cell. ............................... .44 Antennae swollen toward tip. ................................ AGARISTIDE Shaft of antennae regularly tapering. .................................. .45 Ocelli present. ..................................................... .46 Ocelliabsent ....................................................... 50 Sc and R of hind wing fused to middle of cell or beyond. .... .most ARCTIIDB Sc and R fused for more than a fifth length of cell, but the fusion not reaching middle .......................................................... 47 Sc and R fused for less than a fifth length of cell, the fusion sometimes imper- fect. ........................................................... .48 Sc and R connected by a strong cross-vein. ............ .a few Lymantriidoe* *The Hypsids~, distinguished by the well developed tongue, are represented by an uniden- tified and aberrant species in the Barnes Collection.



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19141 Forbes-The North American Families of Lepidoptera 61 47. Hind tarsus ordinarily not more than eight times as long as thick, often with reduced tibia1 spurs; M2 reduced only in Eubaphe; in the rest of full strength and associate with cubital stem; moths often stout; Sc very much swollen ............................................ at base. .many ARCTIIDB
47. Hind tarsus ordinarily much more slender, the tibia with long spurs; Ma usually well separated from cubital stem, though nearer it than radial, and often weaker than the other veins; Sc not more than twice as thick as R in their ..................
basal portion; usually slender moths.
.some NOCTL'IDB
48. Tympanic bullse enlarged dorsally, showing from dorsal side as two rounded bosses on the first segment of the abdomen; brilliantly marked species PERICOPIDB
48. Tympanic bullse inconspicuous. ...................................... .49 49. White or yellow species with palpi not reaching the middle of the smooth- scaled front, and four-branched Cu in both wings. .... ARCTIIDB (Haploa) 49. Species with longer palpi, three-branched Cu in hind wings or gray ground ............................................... color. most NOCTUIDB
50. Fore wing with raised scale-tufts, small, with Sc and R ordinarily fused to near ..............................
middle of cell but free at base.
.NOLIDB
50. Fore wings smoothly scaled. ........................................ .51 51. Sc and R of hind wings fused for a point about middle of cell, or connected by ......................................
a cross-vein. most LYMANTRIIDB
51. Sc and R fused from base to middle of cell. ............. .most LITHOSIIDB 52. Legs lost, never leaving cocoon. ................... PSYCHICS ( $ s in part) 52. With normal legs. ................................................. .53 53. Cocoon seedlike, with a valve at one end (being formed of the larval case), the moth normally not leaving it. ............... PSYCHIDB ( $ s in part) 53. Cocoon normally felted of the larval hair, or rudimentary and underground. .54 54. Abdomen closely scaled, or spined, or with bristling dark gray hair GEOMETRIDB (a few 9 s)
54. Abdomen smoothly clothed with fine light woolly hair; moth not normally leaving the cocoon, which is composed of the larval hair LYMANTRIIDZ ( a few 9 s)
55. Fore wing with three or four unbranched veins only. ................... .56 55. Fore wing with some branched veins. ................................. .57 ......................................... 56. A large eyecap.. OPOSTEGIDX
......................................
56. No eyecap.
.HELIOZELIDS in part
57. A well-developed eyecap, fringed with overlapping scales; labial palpi small, cell slender or wanting. .......................................... .58 57. Eyecap not developed,-at most with first joint of antenna large, a little hol- lowed on inner side, and fringed with a single row of bristles (pecten) .. .59 58. Cell very small, less than a tenth area of wing, or wholly absent; membrane .............................................. aculeate. NEPTICULIDB
58. Cell larger, membrane not aculeate. ......................... LYONETIIDX 59. Maxillary palpi twice as long as eye, folded, conspicuous. ........ PRODOXIDE 59. Maxillary palpi shorter than eye, or porrect. .......................... .60



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62 Psyche [April
60. Vestiture of thorax of deep hair and spatulate hair, also similar on palpi and legs, the palpi usually strongly sexually dimorphic, large in both sexes; wings scaled, venation complete, with base of media preserved TINEIDB (ANAPHORINB)
60. Palpi barely reaching middle of front or shorter, tongue absent; vestiture of thorax and tibiae dense and hairy. .................... (Cossidce in part) 60. Thorax, at least, scaled or slender, palpi also in the majority of cases, and fore and middle tibiae; often minute moths with lanceolate wings. .......... .61 61. Hind wing lanceolate, much narrower than its own fringe, fore wing much broader but also lanceolate. ...................................... .62 61. Hind wings with well-marked anal angle and rounded or somewhat pointed apex, not strongly concave below it; when narrower than fore wings, with three well-developed ana!s ........................................ .76 61. Hind wings various in size with produced apex, strongly concave below apex, and again produced more or less on Ms and Cui, with well-marked anal angle. ............................................ .most GELECHIIDB 62. Maxillary palpi present and folded in repose. .......................... .63 62. Maxillary palpi obsolete, or three-jointed and porrect. .................. .65 63. Head extremely rough, with bristling vestiture ........................ .64 63. Head smooth-scaled, except narrowly behind. .............. .ACROLEPIIDB 64, Aculeate; Rl of hind wing much stronger than base of main stem of R, and appearing as a basal fork of Sc. .................... .a few ADELIDB 64. Not aculeate; Rl of hind wing no stronger than basal portion of Rs, well out from base, connecting Sc and R, which are closely parallel toward base a few TINEIDB
65. Head very rough and bristly on both vertex and face, second joint of palpus with lateral bristles toward tip. ..................... TINEIDB (Tenaga) 65. Lower part of face, at least, smoothly scaled; palpus without bristles. .... .66 66. Fore wing with four veins or less, either free or stalked, to costa from cell, and five or six veins to inner margin (R5 running to outer margin) some YFONOMEUTID^E
66. Fore wing with five veins to costa from cell or with only three or four to inner margin (R; to costa). ............................................ .67 67. Vertex rough-bristled ............................................... .68 67. Vertex smooth-scaled, or with a few erect scales behind. ................ .70 68. Accessory cell very large, extending nearly half-way to base of wing, fore wing ......... with heavy spinules on base of Sc and base of cell TISCHERIIDB
68. Accessory cell small, or more often absent; not aculeate. ................ .69 ...... 69. A of fore wing forked at base, costa of hind wing not lobed. BEDELLIA
69. A of fore wing perfectly simple, costa of hind wing strongly lobed, with the obscure basal parts of Sc and R closely parallelto the edge of the lobe GRACILARIIDB
70. Sc and R of hind wing nearly straight and parallel toward base, usually con- nected by a distinct, but weak cross-vein Ri, a short distance out from base, in a few cases where Sc is very short, with Ri independent of it, reaching the costa beyond its tip; when the costa is lobed with Sc fairly straight, and ................ ending at the commencement of the concave portion. .71




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19141 Forbes~The North American Families of Lepidoptera 63 Sc and R sharply divergent at base, Ri when traceable appearing as a basal fork of Sc, oblique, short, and heavy, and Rs running nearly through the axis of the wing; or with Sc and R both obscure, closely parallel to the basal ......
lobe of the costa, and R functionally replaced by the base of M. .72 ...............................
Balpi upturned to vertex. COSMOPTERYGIDE ..................................
Palpi minute, drooping. HELIODINIDE
...................
Maxillary palpi present, porrect.
GRACILARIIDB in part
............................................. Maxillary palpi absent. .73
Cu-stem of hind wing at least two-branched, palpi usually smoothly upturned ........................
to vertex, hind tibiae loosely hairy.
ELACHISTIDE
Cu-stem of hind wing simple, free, no cell, or with very short palpi. ...... .74 Basal joint of antenna broadened with overlapping scales (a rudiment of an eyecap), tongue weak, Cu of hind wing simple; hind tibia with a regular .......................
series of bristles.
Lyonetiidoe (Phyllocnistis in part)
Basal joint simple or with a slight pecten of bristles. ................... .75 , Palpi if upturned not reaching middle of front, usually hanging, HELIOZELID~ 75. Palpi moderately long and usually slender, upturned in life GRACILARIID^E in part
76. Cus of fore wing arising less than two-thirds way out on cell, most TORTRICIDB ............................
76. Cuz of fore wing arising further out on cell. .77
77. Wing-membrane aculeate; Sc of hind wing with a strong basal fork (the lower fork being Ri), or considerably swollen at base, R and Sc usually sharply divergent from base, antennae often extremely long, vertex very rough ADELID= in part
77. Wing-membrane not aculeate; antennae never much longer than fore wing; Ri rarely as strong as the other veins, and when distinct separated from the ..........................
base of the wing by several times its length. .78
78. Maxillary palpi four- or five-jointed, folded. .......................... .79 .................
78. Maxillary palpi porrect, three-jointed or rudimentary. .80
..........................
79. Head only slightly rough behind.
ACROLEPIIDB
......................
79. Vertex with long bristly vestiture.
TINEIDB in part
..............
80. MI and 2 of hind wing both absent.
TORTRICIDB (Carposina)
............................................ SO. Mi of hind wing present.
.81
81. Labial palpi with bristles on side of second joint, or vertex and front both with extremely long rough vestiture, and second joint of palpus heavily tufted and third long; R and Mi of hind wing widely separate. .TINEID* in part 81. Labial palpi without bristles, head with short, fairly smooth vestiture or third .....................................
joint of palpus inconspicuous. .82
82. R and Ml of hind wing widely separate at base, at least half as far apart as at ........................................................ margin. .87
..................
82. R and Mi of hind wing closely approximate or stalked. .83
83. Palpi as long as head, with second joint triangularly scaled, and third less than ....................................
half as long normally porrect.
.84
83. Palpi upturned to beyond middle of front often far beyond vertex, the third joint more than half as long as second, and upturned. ................ .85 .............................
84. R4 and 5 separate.
TORTRICIDE (PHALONIINB)
......................
84. R4 and stalked, to costa. GELECHIIDE (male Anarsia)



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Psyche [April
Veins of fore wing all present and Rs running to outer margin YPONOMEUTIDB in part
Rc running to costa or lost. .......................................... .86 Fore wing with all veins from cell separately, hind wing wider, with R and Mi long-stalked. .......................................... STENOMATIDLE Fore wing with R4 andc stalked, the hind wing trapezoidal and usually wider, ........ strongly rounded out at end of Ma and Cui. .a few GELECHIIDX
Hind wing lanceolate, narrower than fore wing. ............ COSMOPTERYGIDB Rs arising at apex of cell, and Ms and cubitals also closely crowded from lower angle, male usually with strong sexual modifications; five radials run to costa ................................................. BLASTOBASID~ R2 arising less than nine tenths the length of the cell, and well away from the ...................................................... originofRs 88 .........................
Five veins run from cell to costa in fore wing. .89
Four veins run from cell to costa in fore wing, Rc ending decidedly below the apex ............................................................ 90 Hind wing with Ms arising decidedly nearer Mi than Ma. ..... .ETHMIIDX Hind wing with Ms arising decidedly nearer Ms than Mi or rarely half way between them. .................................. (ECOPHORID^E in part R4 and 5 stalked; ocelli rudimentary or absent. ....... (ECOPHORID^E in part With all veins of fore wing arising separately or (Allononyma) with R4 and .5 stalked and large ocelli.. ...................... .YFONOMEUTID.E in part EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
Fig. 1. Typical primitive Lepidopterous venation (Eriocephulu thunbergella, with the addition, in dots, of a few veins lost in Eriocephala, but generally preserved), the veins numbered according to the Comstock-Needham and German systems. Sc, Subcosta.
R, Radius.
M, Media.
Cu, Cubitus.
.....
A, Anal.
hum, humeral cross-vein.
udcv, upper discocellular vein (cross-vein radius-media).



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