H. Lyon.
Does the Housefly Hibernate as a Pupa?
Psyche 22(4):140-141, 1915.

This article at Hindawi Publishing: https://doi.org/10.1155/1915/76761
CEC's scan of this article: http://psyche.entclub.org/pdf/22/22-140.pdf, 156K
This landing page: http://psyche.entclub.org/22/22-140.html

The following unprocessed text is extracted automatically from the PDF file, and is likely to be both incomplete and full of errors. Please consult the PDF file for the complete article.

140 Psyche [August
tinct," and Stricklandl while not agreeing with Christophers on this point, after having given the differences in the two larvae, says "the larva of ludlowi is therefore quite distinct from that of rossi" and in a footnote adds "As a certain amount of confirma- tion, we may note that if either ludlowi or rossi had hatched out of one of our breeding bottles, on examining the larvse remaining in the bottles we found in every case, although we need not have expected such favorable evidence, that they were of the type which we now ascribe to the respective species." The description of Myzomyia parangensis has been comparatively lately published, but specimens were sent to Edwards for compari- son before its publication and his verdict was "This is quite unlike any anopheline I have seen before. I suppose it comes nearest to ZudZowi."
The status of these species seems to be that the anophelines taken in the Philippines which closely resemble rossi are really indefinita, and that ludlowi, and parangensis are established species.
When insects are connected with the transmission of disease it is doubly important that the nomenclature should be as un- clouded as possible, and it is hoped the above points may clear some of the confusion which has existed concerning these species.2 DOES THE HOUSEFLY HIBERNATE AS A PUPA?
BY HAROLD LYON,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.
The following experiments were conducted during the past winter to determine if it were possible for the housefly to overwin- ter in the pupal stage. Thirty-seven lots were obtained, each 1 Strickland, C., The Comparative Morphology of the Anophelines Nyssomywmyia ludlowi Theob. and Nyssommomyia rossi Biles.
Bull. Ento. Research., Vol. V, Pt. 4. March. 1915. 2 Since this article was seat to the publisher Mr. Edwards writes that "the name christophersi .
must be replaced by minimus, Theob. (described rather inaccurately from Hong Kong in 1901.)" The species was afterward referred to Pvetophorus, under which genus it is placed in Bull. No. 4, Surgeon General's Office, p. 46.




================================================================================

19151 Lyon-Does the Housefly Hibernate as a Pupa? 14 1 consisting of one hundred pupae.
These were buried in wet and
-
dry sand, wet and dry loam, wet and dry horse manure and in leaf mould. These materials, together with the pupae, were placed in large glass jars, covered with cloth and the whole divided into four series. One series was placed out of doors under sheltered condi- tions, one under exposed conditions, another in an unused green- house and the last in the basement of a large stone building. The experiments were started on October 19, 1914, and flies con- tinued to emerge till December first from the jars stored in the ,basement. Two hundred and ten adults emerged from nine hundred pupae, the greatest number coming from the dry manure, wet sand and wet manure. The temperature of the basement was about 60' F. during the entire winter.
In the unused greenhouse, which was somewhat warmer than out of doors, three hundred and sixty-four adults emerged from eleven hundred pupae, the greatest numbers emerging from wet manure and dry sandy The last adult emerged on November twenty-f ourth.
No adults emerged from the jars out of doors, although the weather was very mild, with the temperature only slightly lower than that in the unused greenhouse.
Observations were made daily and no adults emerged after December first. On June 23, 1915, the jars were opened and the contents examined. No parasites or fungi were found and the pupae appeared perfectly normal, but on being broken open they were found to have completely dried out. This condition was ob- served in all the jars.
The results of these experiments, which represented quite nat- ural conditions and the especially favorable conditions of the basement of the building, seem to indicate that the housefly can not easily overwinter as a pupa, although it can emerge until the middle of winter. It would seem, therefore, that the appearance of seemingly freshly-emerged adults in any considerable numbers . during late winter and early spring should be accounted for in some other way.




================================================================================