C. Robertson.
Synopsis of Panurgidae (Hymenoptera).
Psyche 29(4):159-173, 1922.

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19221 Synopsis of Panurgidce
SYNOPSIS OF PANURGIDX (HYMENOPTBRA).
Carlinville, Illinois,
My synopses of local bees are intended to show how I distinguish them.
It is assumed that the student has only the local species and all of them.
Nothing follows from such a
statement as that Chloralictus nyrnphalis runs to C. testaceus in my table of Halictinse. If it had been one of the local species, it would not have run to that name.
The differences between the Panurgidse and Dufoureidse are partly mentioned in the "Synopsis of Anthophila", Can. Ent. 36: 42, 1904. The local species mix the pollen with honey, but Panurgus evidently does not. It has a large scopa which is not necessary in those which stick the pollen with honey. Often the two cubital cells are not homologous, so that the bees are referred here on account of other resemblances. In Perditinse the cubital cells are the first and third, the second being obliterated by coalescence of the first and second transverse cubital nervures. The "first transverse cubital" is a compound vein, and the "second7' is really the third. Usually in the rest of the Panurgidse the true second transverse cubital vein is wanting and the one called "second" is the third. The "second cubital cell" is composed of the second and the third united. I have a specimen of Pseudopanurgus cornpositarum with three cubital cells. In true Panurginus I think the first and second cubital cells are united and that the venation is not homologous with that of American species which have been referred to that genus. I have seen P. albopilosus and montanus, determined by Friese. These have an independent origin from forms having three cubital cells.
Abbreviations.-lp 1 =basal joint of labial palp; lp 4:2 = length of first and second joints as 4 to 2; Ma, Mas =long-tongued bee flowers; Mi, Mis =short-tongued bee flowers; mp 6 = maxillary palps six-jointed; oligolege = bee collecting pollen Pu&e 29:IM-173 t 1922). http:llpsyche cnlchb ora/29/29- 159 html



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160 Psyche [August
from related flowers; Pol=polytropic flowers, adapted to various short-tongued insects; R =Red, all dark colors; social flowers' =flowers crowded so that insects pass from one to another without taking wing or climbing; W = white; Y =yellow, green- ish to orange,
Females.
Marginal cell about as long as stigma; cubital cell 1 about twice as long as 2; recurrent veins about opposite transverse cubitals; discoidal part of basal vein about twice as long as cubital part; lower border of discoidal cell 3 shorter than that of 1; middle spur about half as long as planta; face with colored marks; scopa simple, pollen on front of tibia; glossa linear; lp 1 flat, longer than 2-4; head and thorax greenish, abdomen black or brown, Perditinae. Marginal cell longer than stigma; cubital cells usually subequal; recurrent vein 1 beyond transverse cubital 1, 2 usually before 2; discoidal part of basal vein more than twice as long as cubital part; middle spur more than half * as long as planta; mp 6; black, 3.
3.
Stigma middle-sized; recurrent veins about equally distant from t,ransverse cubit als ; face with yellowish marks; scopa simple, pollen mainly on front of tibia but also around planta; glossa filiform; Ip 1 flat, at least longer than 2-4, Calliopsinae.
a.
Stigma large; recurrent vein 1 usually remote from trans- verse cubital 1, 2 near or opposite 2; lower border of discoidal cell 3 shorter than that of 1; face without marks; pollen on front of tibia,
Anthemurginae.
Males.
4. Venation as in 1
Venation as in 2, mp 6
5. Venation as in 3,
Venation as in 3a
Perditinae .
5.
Calliopsinae .
Anthemurginae.




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Synopsis of Panurgidce
PERDITINB '
Females.
Claws simple; clypeus, interrupted basal fasciae on seg- ments 2-3, wings and veins, whitish; border of stigma and of marginal cell fuscous; mp 6, short; Ip 5 : 1; 4mm; oligolege of Boltonia asteroides; Sept. 3 ; boltonice in, Perditella. Claws with an inner tooth,
1.
1. Veins fuscous; claw tooth subapical; five marks on face, base of mandibles, two spots on collar, tubercles, anterior tibiae in front, middle knees, and oblique basal fasciae on sides of segments 1-4, whitish; mp 6, long; lp 6: 1; 6-7mm; oligolege of Ast'erese and Heliantheae; Aug. 17- Sept. 20; octomaculata in Perdita .
Veins black; claw tooth median; mandibles, anterior tibiae in front, and tarsi, yellowish; usually a dot on each side of segment 3, and often on 4; middle tibiae more or less
yellowish; mesonoturn purplish; metathorax bluish ; mp short, joints indistinct; Ip 9 : 2; 5-7mm; oligolege of Physalis; July 7-Sept. 3; maura in, Zaperdita. Males.
Cheek with a distinct process; subdiscoidal and recurrent vein 2 obsolete; mandibles, clypeus, anterior tibiae in front, middle knees and tarsi, whitish; 4-5mm; AU~. 30-Sept. 8 ;boltonice in, Perditella.
Cheek simple; veins ordinary; at least the mandibles, labrum, clypeus, sides of face, scape, flagellum beneath, anterior and middle tibiae in front, front and middle tarsi, and hind knees, yellow 1.
1. Face of about equal width below; cheeks na,rrow; cox= trochanters, anterior and middle femora and tibiae in front', and spots on segments 1-4, yellow; hind tarsi dark; 5-6mm; Aug. 13-Sept. 24; octomaculata in,
Perdita .




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162 Psyche [August
Face broader below; cheeks broad; coxse, trochanters, femora except tips, and abdomen, black; front and middle tibiae almost entirely yellow; posterior orbits yellow below; hind tarsi yellow; 5mm; July 17-Aug. 1; maura in, , Zaperdita. Females.
Front t,arsi simple; disc of nietathorax short, rugose; abdomen finely punctured, rather opaque; veins dark; cubital cell 2 narrowed about one-half above; ornaments luteous. at least the clypeus in part, spot above, sides of face, two lines on collar, and front and middle knees; flagellum testaceous beneath; Ip 7: 1, Calliopsis.
Front tarsi with. curled spines; disc of metathorax smooth,. , shining, foveate; abdomen sparsely punctured, shining;: wings hyaline, veins pale; cubital cell 2 narrowed less than one-half above; apex of labrum and of clypeus, triangular mark on each side of face, base of mandibles, and front. . knees, whitish; nip and galea 5: 14; lp 13: 1; 7-8mm;: oligolege of Verbena; June 28-Sept,. 10; verbence in Verbenapsis ..
Males.
Disc of metathorax shining, foveate; wings hyaline, veins pale;. cubital cell 2 narrowed less than one-half above; front tarsi pale, with long hair; base of mandibles, middle of labrum, sides of face, clypeus except sides of base, front and middle knees, and line on front tibia, whitish; 6-7mm; July 2-Sept. 1 ; verbena in, Verbenapsis. Disc of metathorax opaque, rugose; wings a little dusky, veins dark; cubital cell 2 narrowed about one-half above; front. tarsi with short hair; at least the mandibles, labrum, face below antennae, two lines on collar, tarsi, and tibiae in front, yellow, Calliopsis ..




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Synopsis of Panurgidce
CALLIOPSIS
Females.
Clypeus black, with a median stripe, 3 spots above; lateral face marks subquadrate, not extending above antennae; spot on tubercles; rarely a dot on tegulse; labrum dark; mp and galea subequal; 6-8mm; polylege; May 30-Oct. 14, andrenilormis .
Clypeus luteous, with two black stripes, 1 spot above; lateral face marks pointed above antennae; tubercles black; dot on tegulse; mp shorter t)han galea; 7mm; oligolege of Helianthese and Asterese; Aug. 20-Sept. 19, coloradensis.
Males.
Tubercles, legs, antennae except flagellum at base above, yellow tegulse usually dark; 5-6mm; May 30-Sept. 19 andrenif ormis.
Tubercles, coxse, trochanters, femora except tips, tibise behind, and apical joints of tarsi more or less, black; dot on tegulse; line on scape in front; flagellum testaceous beneath; 6-7mm; Aug.21-Sept. 24, coloradensis.
ANTHEMURGlNB.
Females.
Scopa plumose; glossa linear, acuminate; Ip 1 elongate, flat; mp not longer than galea; tegulae and front and middle knees testaceous, Pseudopanurgus.
Scopa simple; mp longer than galea,
1.
1. Lp 4: I g, 1 flat; glossa lance-linear, acuminate; nearly bare, finely and densely punctured, opaque; middle spur sparsely pectinate, about as long as planta; tegulse and front and middle knees testaceous; 5-6mm ; polylege ; ~a~ 28-Oct. 23; parvus in,
Heterosarus.




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1 64 Psyche [August
Lp 2:2, 1 simple, incrassate; glossa lanceolate, shorter than mentum; middle spur finely pectinate, two-thirds as long as planta; finely punctured, shining, head more coarsely punctured and opaque; knees black; apical half of wings clouded; 7-8mn1 ; oligolege of Passiflora lutea; July 21- Sept. 9; passiflorce in Anthemurgus.
Males.
Clypeus and sides of face with yellow stripes; black, mandibles, tarsi, anterior tibia? in front, and sometimes middle ones, testaceous; apical half of wings clouded; 7-8mm; July 21-Aug. 30; pass<flora; in Anthemurgus.
Clypeus entirely and sides of face yellowish or whitish, 1.
1. Lateral face marks hardly extending above clypeus; man- dibles, middle of labrum, clypeus and face marks, whitish; flagellum beneat'h, tubercles, tegulse, knees, tarsi, and anterior tibiae in front, testaceous; 5-6mm; May 28- June 15; parvus in Heterosams.
Lateral face marks extending above elypeus; at least the clypeus, sides of face, tarsi, anterior tibiae in front, and bases of middle and hind tibiae, yellow, Pseudopanurgus. Females.
Mesonotum rugose, with coarse confluent punctures; enclosure of labrum s~bquadra~te; a supraorbital tubercle; wings clouded beyond middle; recurrent vein 1 remote from transverse cubital 1, 2 near transverse cubital 2; mp shorter than galea; Ip 10: 2; 7-8mm; oligolege of Helian- these; Aug. 2-Oct. 1, rugosus.
Mesonotum more finely punctured, 1 -
1. Enclosure of labrum subquadrate,
3.
Enclosure of labrum rugose, st,rongly narrowed apically; middle of flagellum beneath testaceous; mp a little shorter than galea, 2 ..




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19221 Synopsis of Panurgidce 165
Metathorax shining, irnp~ncta~e; tubercles yellow : head and mesonotum more sparsely punctured; veins darker; lp 7 : 2; 6-7mm; oligolege of Helianthese; Aug. 3--Sept. 28, labrosus .
Metathorax opaque, punctate behind; tubercles dark; head and mesonotum more closely and coarsely punctured; veins paler; lp 634: 3; 5-6mm; oligolege of Helianthese; Aug. 15-Sept. 25
labrosif ormis .
Hind tarsi not yellow; 6-7mm,
5.
Hind tarsi yellow; mp shorter than galea 4.
Scutel shining, almost impunctate; mesonotum not tri- sulcate; enclosure of labrum more narrowed apically; wing clear hyaline; veins pale; scopa with long, long- barbed
hairs; lp 8: 3; 6-7mm; oligolege of Helianthese; May 29-Sept. 5,
a1 bit arsis .
Scutel more opaque, closely punctured; mesonotum tri- sulcate; enclosure of labrum less narrowed apically; wing less hyaline; scopa with short, short-barbed hairs; Ip 7: 3; 5-7mm; oligolege of Astereae and Helianthese; Aug. 11-Oct. 4, solidaginis.
Mesonotum nearly bare; shining, rather finely and closely punctured; scopa rather short; mp about equaling ga>lea; lp 4: 1 ; oligolege of Asterese and Helianthesc; Aug.23-- Oct. 23 asteris.
Mesonot um distinctly pubescent, 6.
Mesonotum entirely pubescent, opaque, with large shallow dense punctures; scopa rather short; mp about equaling galea; Ip 4: 1%; oligolege of Asterese; Sept. 6- Oct. 2% compositamm.
Mesonot urn pubescent in front, shining, minutely and sparsely punct'ured; scopa long and thin; mp a little shorter tha.n galea; lp 4%:2; oligolege of Helianthese; Aug. I-Sept. 12, rudbeckiae.




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Psyche
Males.
Ma,ndibles and labrum yellow,
Mandibles and labrum black; apical joints of tarsi blackish; 6-7mm 1.
Mesonotum coarsely reticulated: wings clouded beyond middle; broad bases of middle and hind tibiae yellow; July 29-Aug. 22, rugosus;
Mesonotum shining, sparsely punctured; wings hyaline; middle and hind knees yellow; June 11-Sept. 8, albitarsis. Enclosure of labrum slightly narrowed towards apex, 4.
Enclosure of labrum strongly narrowed and subbidentate at apex; middle joints of flagellum fulvous beneath, 3. Metathorax shining, in~punctate ; tubercles yellow ; hind tibiae broadly yellow at base; 5-6mm; Aug. 1-30 labrosus. Metathorax punctured behind; tubercles black; hind knees yellow; 4-5mm; Aug. 3--Sept. 8, labrosif ormis. Middle of clypeus concave, impunctate; tubercles and middle and hind knees yellow; 5-7mm; Aug. 3-Sept.7, rudbeckiae.
Middle of clypeus convex, punctate,
5.
Mesonotum opaque, with large dense shallow punctures, closely pubeseent; antennee long; face below antennae, and tibise, except spot beneath, yellow; 5-6mm; Aug- 28-Oct. 4, cornposit arum.
Mesonotum more shining, the pubescence short or sparse, 6.
Hind tibiae yellow at least on basal third; tubercles yellow; mesonotum finely punctured, not trisulcate; 5-Gmm; Aug. 23-Oct. 21,
as t eris .
Hind tibiae yellow at extreme base; tubercles black; mesonotum coarsely punctured, trisulcate; 4-6mm; Aug. 12-Sept. 7, solidaginis.
PHENOLOGY .-Of the dominant, - families of bees the Panurgidae have the most definite phenological position. They fly from May 28 to October 29, all of them together August 30- September 3.




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19221 Synopsis of Panurgidce
Phenologica,lly the sexes begin and end as follows: The males which are first precede by 6.1 days and the females which are last are later by 29.2 days.
It is probable that all of
the species are proterandrous, but the males precede by so few days and are so much harder to observe that it is not easy to prove the proterandry. My dates give the earliest ever observed and it is probable that, in the year in which the earliest date for the female was recorded, the male really preceded. The records show. 124 flower visits for the females and 92 for the males, which indicates how much more likely the flight of the female is to be correctly made out.
Taking the cases in which the males were first and the females last as normal examples we have for the average number of days :
--
I c? precedes ' Q follows c?
Q I Species
--- ---
4 normal 1 7.2
12 others . . .
Total 1 ....
I -*..
Begin
The oligoleges are 85.5 per cent. of the species. They
average 55.3 darys, while the two polyleges average 143.5 days. End
c? first
37.5
FLOWER VISITS.--In the following lists the pollen visits of the female ( Q c) areseparated from the nectar visits ( Q s). The pollen visits do not exclude nectar visits to t'he same flowers. Visits of the male (3s) not made by the female also are in italics. Visits to Cornpositse are distributed under An- themidese, Astereae, Eupatoriese, and Helianthese. c? last
25.0
Q last
75.0
<^ Q together
25.0
c? 9 together
....
Q first
37.5




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Psyche [~u~ust
ANTHEMURGUS PASSIFL0RB.- Q c (I) : Passiflor- acece: Passiflora, type July 31.
d"
s (I) : Passifloracece : Passiflora lut,ea, type July 3 1. CALLIOPSIS ANDREXIFORMIS (51).- Q c (19) : AS- tcrece : Aster ericoides villosus ; Helianthece : Verbesina helian- thoides ; Labiatce : Lycopus sinuatus,
Pycnanthemum pilosum ;
Leguminosce: Desmodium marilandicum, D. paniculatum, Meli- lotus alba, Psoralea onobrychis, Trifolium repens, T. pratense; Lythracece : Lythrum alatum ; M alvacece : Malva rotundifolia ; Oxalidacece : Oxalis stricta ; Polyqalacece : Polygala sanguinea; Ruhiacece: Houstonia purpurea; Scrophzilariacece: Gerardia ten- uifolia; Verbenacece: Lippia lanceolata, Verbena hastata, V. urticifolia.
Q s (23) : A canthacece : Dianthera americana; Helian- thece : Bidens aristosa, Coreopsis palmata ; Labiatce : Blephilia ciliata, Hedeoma pulegioides, Nepeta cataria, Prunella vulgaris, Pycnanthemum flexuosum, P. virginianum; Lequwtinosce: Amorpha canescens, Lespedeza procumbens, L. reticulata, Strophostyles pauciflora, Stylosanthes biflora, Trifolium hy- bridum; Lyihracece: Ammannia coccinea; Orchidacece: Spiran- thes gracilis ; Polygonacece : Polygonum pennsylvanicum ; Por- fulacacece: Portulaca oleracea; Scrophulariacece: Ilysanthes riparia; Umbel1 iferce : Eryngium yuccsefolium ; Verbena,cea : Ver- bena bracteosa, V. stricta.
8 s (299): Acanthacece: Dianthera americana; Anthe midece: Chrysanthemum leucanthernum; Helianthece: Coreopsis palmata, Rudbeckia triloba; Lalnatce : Blephilia ciliata, Hedeoma pulegioides, Pycnanthemum pilosum, P. virginianum, Stachys palustris ; Leg uminosce : Lespedeza capitata, L. procumbens, L. reticulata, Melilotus alba, Psoralea onobrychis, Trifolium hybridum, T. repens; Malvacea: Malva rotundifolia; Polygo- nacece : Polygonum penn~~lvanicum ; Polygalacece : Polygala sanguinea ; Rhamnacece : Ceanothus americanus ; Rosam : Geu m album, Gillenia stipulacea, Potentilla rnonspeliensis ; Ruhiacece: Houstonia purpurea; Scrophulftriacece: Gerardia tenuifolia; Urn belliferce : Cryptotmia canadensis, Eryngium yuc- csefoliurn; Verbenaceos: Lippia lanceolata, Verbena urticifolia.



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19221 Synopsis of Panurgidce 169
cf Qin copula (I): Psoralea onobrychis, June 26; several other cases not recorded.
CALLIOPSIS COLORADEh7SIS (5). - Q c (5) : Asterece Boltonia asteroides, Solidago canadensis; Helianthece: Bidens aristosa, Coreopsis tripteris, Rudbeckia triloba. c? s (4)Asterece: Boltonia asteroides, Solidago canadensis; Helianthece: Bidens aristosa, Rudbeckia triloba. 8 Q in copula (7) : Bidens aristosa, Aug. 31 ; Boltonia asteroides, Aug. 29, Sept 1; 12, two pairs; 'Solidago canadensis, Aug. 23, Sept. 12.
HETEROSARUS PARVUS (8).- Q c (7) : Asterece : Aster ericoides villosus, Solidago canadensis, S. ulmifolia; Geraniacere: Geranium carolinianum; Labiates: Monarda bradburiana, type May 28; Rosacece: Gillenia stipulacea; Umbelliferce: Eulophus am ericanus.
Q s (1):
Umbelliferce: Thaspium aureum trifoliatum. c? s (I) : Rosaces : Gillenia stipulacea. PERDITA OCTOMACLTLATA (7).- Q c (5): Asterece: Aster ericoides villosus, Boltonia asteroides, Solidago canadensis, S. ulmifolia; Helianthece : Bidens aristosa. Q s (1) : Labiatcc: Lycopus sinuatus.
cf s (5:l): Asterece: Boltonia asteroides, Solidamgo cana- densis; Eupatoriece : Eztpatorium altissimunz ; Helianthew. Bidens arist,osa; La>biat(~ : Lycopus sinuatus. C? Q in copula (3): Bidens aristosa, Sept. 4; Lycopus sinuatus, Sept. 5; Solidago canadensis, Aug. 17. PERDITELLA BOLTONIB (1) .- 9 c (I) : Asterecu: Bol- tonia asteroides, type Sept. 3.
cf s (I) : Asterece: Boltonia asteroides, type Sept. 3. PSEUDOPAhTURGUS ALBITARSIS (ll).- 9 c (8); Helianthece: Brauneria pallida, B. purpurea, Helianthus divari- catus, 1-1. mollis, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R. subfcomentosa, Verbesina helianthoides.




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Psyche [August
Q s (2): Helianihea: Coreopsis palmata, Lepachys pinnata. 3 s (8 :I) : Asterece: Aster ericoides villosus; Helianthece : Brauneria pallida. Coreopsis palmata, Helianthus divaricatus, H. mollis, Rudbeclda hirta, Pi,. laciniat'a, Verbesina helianthoides. 3 9 in copula (5) : Helianthus mollis, Aug. 23; Rudbeckia hirta, June 18: 23, two pairs; 26.
PSE UDOP-4 A" LiRGUS ASTE RIS (8) .- 9 c (8) : Asterece : Aster ericoides villosus. A. lateriflorus, A. sagittifolius, Solidago canadensis, S. nemoralis, S. serotina, S. ulmifolia; IIelianlhece . Rudbeckia triloba.
8 s (4): Asterece: Aster ericoides villosusi A. sagittifolius, Solidago canadensis, S. ulmifolia.
3 9 in copula (5) : Aster ericoides villosus, Sept. 14, 1893, type; Sept. 14, 1896; 20; A. sagittifolius, Aug. 30; Solidago canadensis, Sept. 1.
PSE UBOPANURG US COiWPOSITAR UAI (12) .- 9 c (7) Asterece: Aster ericoides villosus, A. lateriflorus, A. multiflorus, A. novse angliae, A. paniculatus, Boltonia asteroides, type Sept. 20, Solidago ulmifolia.
Q s (3): Asterece: Aster salicifolius, Solidago nemoralis; Pol ygonacece : Polygonum dumetorum.
3 s (6 :2) : Asterece: Aster ericoides villosus. A. lateriflorus, Boltonia asteroides, type Aug. 28; Helianthece; Bidens aristosa, Rudheckia triloba; Polygonacece: Polygonum dumetorum. PSEUDOPANURWS LABROSIFORMIS (11).-- Q c (7) : Helianthea~: Actineomeris alternifolia, Bidens aristosa, Helian- thus divaricatus, H. tuberosus, Heliopsis helianthoides, Rud- beckia laciniata, R. triloba.
9 s (2): Helianthece: Coreopsis tripteris, type Aug. 24, Helianthus strumosus.
3 s (7 :2) : Asterece: Solidago canadensis; Helianthece: Coreopsis tripteris, type Aug. 24, Helianthus divaricatus, H. tuberosus, Heliopsis heliant,hoides, Rudbeckia laciniata, Silphium perfoliaturn.
Stylopized: Aug. 3.




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19221 Synopsis of Panurgidce 171
PSEUDOPANURGUS LABROSUS (4).- 9 c (3) : Helian- thece: Helianthus divaricatus, H. tuberosus, Rudbeckia triloba. 9 s (I) : HeUanthem: Rudbeckia laciniata. cf s (3): Helianthece: Helianthus di~aricat~us, H. tuberosus, Rudbeckia triloba.
3 9 in copula (1): Helianthus tuberosus, Aug. 14,' type. Stylopized: July 3, type of Crawfordia labrosi Pierce. PSEUDOPA/VURGUS RUDBECKIB (6).- Q c (5) : Helianihece: Bidens arist,osa, Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R. ~ubtoment~osa, R. triloba.
cf s (6 :1) : Helianthece : Bidens ari~t~osa, Helianthus divari- caw Rudbeckia hirta, R. laciniata, R. subtomentosa, R. triloba. o7' 9 in copula (4): Rudbeckia triloba, Aug. 3, 21, three pairs, type.
Stylopized: Aug. 1; 3,
3 of copulating pair; 29, type of
Crawfordia rudbeckise Pierce.
PSE UDOPAN URGUS RUGOSUS (7) .- 9 c (5) : Helian- thm: Bidens aristosa, Helianthus divaricatus, H. mollis, H. tuberosus, type Aug. 22, Rudbeckia triloba. 9 s (1) : Helianihece: Silphium perfoliatum. cf s (6 :1) : HeUanthece: Helianthus divaricatus, H. mollis, H. tuberosus, type Aug. 22, Hcliopsis helianthoides, Rudbeckia triloba, Silphium perfoliatum.
PSEUDOPANURGUS SOLIDAGINIS (7).- 9 c (4) : Asterece: Boltonia asteroides, Solidago mnadensis, type Sept. 18; Helianthece: Helianthus grosseserratus, Rudbeckia subtomentosa. 8 s (6 :3) : Asterece : Solidago canadensis ; Helianthece : Bidens aristosa, Coreopsis fripteris, Helianthus grosseserratus, H. tuberosus, type Aug. 22, E.udbeckia subtomentosa. Stylopized: Aug. 11, 12.
VERBENAPIS VERBENA (3).- Q c (3) : Verbenacece: Verbena ha,stata, V. stricta, V. urticifolia. The concealed



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172 Psyche [August
pollen is drawn from the narrow tubes by inserting the front tarsi with their curled spines.
d" s (3): Verbenacece: Verbena hastata, V. stricta, V. urticifolia.
d" Q in copula (4) : Verbena stricta, July 11, 21; V. ur- ticifolia, July 15, 17.
ZAPERDI TA MAURA (2).- Q c (I) : Solanacece: Phy- salis lanceolata.
9 s (1) : Solanacece: Physalis virginiana. 8 s (2) : Solanacece: Physalis lanceolata, P. virginiana. PAIRING HABITS.-Both sexes of all of the species were found. Thirty pairs belonging to eight species were taken in copula. The differences are remarkable. Of eight species no pairs were seen together, while of Calliopsis coloradensis, which flies only 36 days and visits only five flowers, seven pairs were taken. together, forming a majority of the specimens. VISITS TO FLOWER CLASSES.-The table shows 144 visits to 85 flowers. Mas shows 37.6 per cent. of the flowers visit- ed and 45.1 per cent. of the visits. Red shows 35.2 per cent. of the flowers visited, while yellow shows 49.3 per cent. of the visits. Calliopsis andreniformis, with- 35.4 per cent. of the total visits, shows 29.4 to Mas and 43.1 to red. Separating this species the remaining 15 show for Mas 51.1 per cent. of the flowers and 53.7 per cent. of the visits, and for yellow 53.3 per cent. of the flowers and 67.7 per cent. of t,he visits. Seven species, C. coloradensis- P. solidaqinis, show 78.4 per cent. of their visits to Mas and 90.1 to yellow. The last five show 63.8 per cent. under Mis and 44.4 .
under white. As a rule the visits of the males do not differ much from those of the females, but in Calliopsis andreniformis the male shows 5.8 less in percentage of visits to Mas, 11.0 less red and 14.9 more to white.




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Synopsis of Panurqidce
TABLE I.
Flowers observed
Anthemurgus passiflo-
rae
Zaperdita maura
Verbenapis verbenae
Calliopsis andrenifor-
m is
coloradensis
Pseudopanurg~~s albi-
tarsis .
labrosiformis
labrosns
rudbeckiae
rugosus
solidaginis
asteris
cornpositarum
Perdita octomaculata
Perditella boltoniae
Heterosarus parvus
-
Total visits
Flowers visited
Visits
Calliopsis andrenifor-
mis
Others : Flowers visitec
Others: Visits
c. col.-P. sol. I
P. ast.-Heterosarus !
C. andreniformis 9
C. andreniformis d71
-4
--
Social
Mas Mis Pol
18.8 21.5 5.2
Total Colors
-
R W Y
441 30.3 38.7 30.8
-- -
4 I . , .. 4




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