George Salt and Jos. Bequaert.
Stylopized Vespidae.
Psyche 36(3):249-282, 1929.

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Stylopized Vespidas
STYLOPIZED VESPIDE7
BY GEORGE SALT^ AND JOSEPH BEQUAERT~
It is becoming increasingly difficult to prepare a complete account of the various insects infested with Strepsiptera. Many of the early writers on these parasites gave lists of hosts without stating definitely whether they had them- selves seen stylopized specimens or whether their records were copied from earlier workers. Taxonomists have mentioned infested specimens in monographs of various host groups, so that many records have become scattered in articles not at all concerned with the parasites, where they are likely to be found only by a student of the hosts. Mis- takes in the identification of host species have caused much confusion; and the change of names, which seems inevitable in taxonomic revision, has greatly complicated the existing lists.
As one of us (J.B.) has been for a number of years interested in the Vespidse, while the other (G.S.), in the course of studies on stylopization, has found it necessary to keep lists of stylopized wasps, we have thought that it would be useful to publish jointly an annotated list of the Vespidse known to be infested with Strepsiptera. From the data contained in our list we have been able to draw several con- clusions which are of some interest and importance to the general subject of the inter-relation of parasite and host. We have examined stylopized material mainly from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the American Museum of Natural History, the Boston Society of Natural 1 Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University, No. 305. 2 Department of Tropical Medicine, Harvard University Medical School.
3 National Research Fellow in Zoology, 1927-1928.



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250 Psyche [September
History, the Canadian National Collection, Cornell Univer- sity, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the United States National Museum ; and from the personal collections of Mr. Charles Robertson of Carlinville, Illinois, Dr. C. H. Kennedy of Ohio State University, and Dr. W. M. Wheeler of the Bussey Institution, Harvard University; as well as that which we had in our own possession. We have been particularly fortunate in being able to study the stylopized specimens accumulated at the United States National Museum by Dr. W. D. Pierce and thus to connect our own identifications and records with his extensive lists. To the authorities of these institutions and to the workers who have so kindly lent or given us material, we are very grat- eful.
In the following list valid records are given in heavy face type, synonyms or records based on misidentifications in italics. References cited only once are given in full in the text, those used in several instances are placed in the bi- bliography. The words "male" or "female" invariably refer to the host, the signs 8 or 2 to the parasite. 8 e represents the exuvium of a male Strepsipteron, 8 p the puparium of the same. We record the position of the parasite by giving the number of the abdominal tergite under which it is found and the letter "R" or "L" for the right or left side respec- tively. In the few cases in which the parasite was situated under a sternite rather than a tergite, the letters "st" follow the number of the segment. The other abbreviations are self-explanatory. Needless to say, our re-assignment of host records, in particular those of Pierce, is based upon an examination of the specimens in question. LIST OF THE KNOWN VESPID HOSTS OF STREPSIPTERA Masaridinas
Paragia decipiens Shuckard. Smith, 1867, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, lxxxviii: Gawler River, Adelaide, South Australia; 8 e. Kriechbaumer, 1874, Stettin Ent. Zeit. 35, 254: South Australia; six males and three females. Oglobin, 1923, Sbornik Ent. Odd. Narod. Mus. Prague



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19291 Stylopized Vespidse 251
1, 46 : Gawler, South Australia ; Odewahn ; 8 and s of Paragioxenos brachypterus described. Hofeneder, 1928, Societas Entom. 43, 46 : Gawlertown, Australia ; male, s -4R. 9 Paragioxenos brachypterus Ogl. Hofeneder, ibid. p. 48 : Flasun, Australia ; 1872 ; male, 8 e. New record : New South Wales ; female, 8 e-3L, $ e- 3L, 8 e-3R, 8 e-4R (A.M.N.H.) .
Paragia tricolor Smith. Saunders, 1872, 42: Australia; 9. This may have been either the true P. tricolor Smith or P. smithii Sauss.
Raphiglossinae
Psiliglossa odyneroides Saunders. Saunders, 1872, 42: Epi- rus; ST).
Zethinae
Zethus pubescens Smith. Salt, 1927, 183: Mfongosi, Zulu- land; Dec. 1911; W. E. Jones; female, 8p-4L. Zethus romandinus Sauss. New record: Iquitos, Peru; 27 July to 7 Aug. 1920; Cornell Univ. Exped.; female, 9 -3L, 3 e-4R.
Zethus spinipes Say var. variegatus Sauss. Salt, 1927, 183: Dallas, Texas ; Jacob Boll ; female,
-4R ; and female,
9 -4R (both M.C.Z.) .
New record : Gainesville, Alachua Co., Florida ; 23 April 1923 ; Alexander and Walker ; male, 8 e-4R (U.S. N.M.) . ,
Eumenes arcuatus (Fabr.) var. praslinius (Guerin) . Pierce, 1918, 489 (as E. flavopicta Blanchard) : Larat; F. Muir ; s , 8 p, 8 e, and triungulinids.
New record (probably one of above specimens) : Larat ; male, 8 e-4R (U.S.N.M.) .
Eumenes campaniformis (Fabr.) var. higletti Meade-Waldo. Salt, 1927, 183 (as E. campaniformis var. marshalli Bequaert) : Salisbury, S. Rhodesia ; Dr. Melle Arcturus ; male.




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252 Psyche [September
Eumenes campanif ormis (Fabr. ) var. marshalli Bequaert. Salt, 1927, 183 :=E. campaniformis var. higletti Mea- de-Waldo.
Eumenes campaniformis (Fabr.) var. rendalli Bingham. New record: Boma, Congo; 16 June 1915; Lang and Chapin ; female, 8 p-4R (A.M.N.H.) .
Eumenes fenestralis Sauss. See E. maxillosus var. fenestra- Us Sauss.
Eumenes flavopicta Blanchard. Pierce, 1918, 489: in error for E. arcthatus var. praslinius Guerin. Eumenes fraternus Say. Salt, 1927, 183 : Forest Hills, Mass. ; 19 Aug. 1926 ; George Salt ; male, Q -3R. Eumenes harmandi Perez. New record: Chas Yang, Chili, China ; 11 July 1921 ; A. P. Jacot ; male, $ -3R (U.S.N. M.) .
Eumenes maxillosus (Degeer). Heyden, 1867, 398 (as E. tinctor Christ) : Abyssinia ; Q .
New records : Matadi, Congo ; 9 June 1915 ; Lang and Chapin ; female, Q -3L (A.M.N.H.) . Boma, Congo ; 17 June 1915; Lang and Chapin; male 8 p-4R (A.M. N.H.) .
Eumenes maxillosus (Degeer) var. circinalis (Fabr.) . Salt, 1927, 183=E. pyriformis var. circinalis (Fabr.). . Eumenes maxillosus (Degeer) var. conicus (Fabr.) . New record : Bangkok, Siam; 18 April 1926 ; H. M. Smith; female, Q -3R, Q -3L (U.S.N.M.) .
Eumenes maxillosus (Degeer) var. fenestralis (Sauss.) . Heyden, 1867, 398 : Abyssinia ; Q .
New record : Boma, Congo ; 29 June 1915 ; Lang and Chapin ; male, 8 e-3L (A.M.N.H.) .
Eumenes maxillosus (Degeer) var. reginus (Sauss.). Salt, 1927, 183 : Diego Suarez, Madagascar ; female. Eumenes melanosoma Sauss. var. aethiopicus (Sauss.) . New record : Kakatown, Liberia ; Aug. 1926 ; J. Bequaert ; male, 9 -3L.




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19291 Stylopized Vespidss 253
Eumenes petiolata (Fabr.) . Smith, 1859, 130 := E. pyrifor- mis Fabr.
Eumenes pomiformis (Rossi) . Saunders, 1872, 42 : Nima ; 8 P.
Eumenes pyriformis Fabr. Smith 1859, 130 (as E. petio- lata Fabr.) : India ; female, Q -3, 8 e-4. Eumenes pyriformis Fabr. var. circinalis Fabr. Salt, 1927, 183 (as E. maxillosus var. circinalis Fabr.) : Amboina, Moluccas ; Rouyer ; female.
New record: Trong, Lower Siam; W. L. Abbott; female, Q -3R, ? -3L; and female, 9 -3L (both U.S.N. M.) .
Eumenes tinctor Christ. Heyden, 1867, 398 :=E. mxillosus (Degeer) .
Odynerus (See also Pachodynerus and Ancistrocerus) . .
Odynerus sp. Smith, 1859, 130: Brazil; female, 8 p-3. Pierce, 1918, 489: Tucson, Arizona; 24 Aug. 1913; W. D. Pierce ; Q -3, $ -4.
Odynerus annulatus Say. Pierce, 1909, 180 : Dallas, Texas ; 31 July ; W. A. Hooker ; Q . Salt, 1927, 183 : Austin, Texas. New Braunfels, Texas. Ouster County, Dakota; S. W. Garman.
New records : Montana ; female, 8 p-5R (A.N.S.P.) . New Mexico ; female, ? -4L (A.M.N.H.) .
Odynerus anormis (Say). Robertson, 1910, 325: Carlinville, Illinois; 31 May, 29 Oct., Chas. Robertson. Salt, 1927, 183 : Carlinville, Illinois ; Chas. Robertson. New record : Colorado ; C. F. Baker ; male, 9 -3R (U. S.N.M.) .
Odynerus arvensis Sauss. Robertson, 1910, 325 : Carlinville, Illinois; 2 Aug. ; Chas. Robertson. Pierce, 1911, 499: from above specimen describes of Pseudoxenos ar- vensidis. Pierce, 1918, 489 (as 0. firmus Cresson) : Cedar Point,
Ohio ; 19 June 1913 ; J. B. Parker ; Q . Salt, 1927, 183: Carlinville, Illinois; Chas. Robertson; male, 8 p-4R (M.C.Z.) .




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254 Psyche [September
New records : Put-in-Bay, Bass Island, Ohio ; 1-10 July ;
C. H. Kennedy ; female, Q -4L. Texas ; female, Q -3L,
Q -4R (A.N.S.P.) .
Odynerus ater (Sauss.). Schultze, 1925, Phil. Journ. Sci. 27, 235: Manila, Philippine Islands; Oct. 1924; W. Schultze ; male, Q -3R, Q -3L, $ p-4R, 8 p-4L ; male, 5 p-4L ; wasp,
5 p-4 ; and wasp, Q -3. 8 and Q of Ma-
croxenos piercei described (as Rynchium atrum Sauss) . Odynerus bellulus Cresson. Salt, 1927, 183: Lee County, Texas ; G. Birkman; male.
Odynerus bermudensis Beq. New record : Bermuda ; Sept. 19% ; L. Ogilvie ; female (holotype) , Q -4R (Brit. Mus.) .
Odynerus bif urcus Rob. Robertson, 1910, 325 : Inverness, Florida ; 3 March ; Chas. Robertson.
New record (may be same specimen as above) : Inverness, Florida; 3 March; Chas. Robertson: Male, 5 p-4L (U.S.N.M.) .
Odynerus blandus Sauss. Salt, 1927, 183: Stanford Univer- sity, California.
Odynerus chloroticus Spinola. Heyden, 1867, 398: Abys- sinia ; Q .
Odynerus colon Cresson. Pierce, 1909, 180: in error for Ancistrocerus fulvipes (Sauss.) .
Odynerus crenatus Lepel. Monod, 1925, Bull. Soc. Zool. France 50, 230: Sierra Morena, Spain; A. Seyrig; female, 8 p-3-L, 5 p-4L, 8 p-5R ; and female, Q -3R, $ e-5R. $ and Q of Pseudoxenos seyrigi described. Odynerus dantici (Rossi) . New record : Dalmatia ; male, 9 -3R (A.N.S.P.) .
Odynerus deflendus (Saunders) . Saunders, 1853, 141 : Epi- rus and Corcyra; male; June to Aug. ; and Q of Pseudoxenos heydenii described.
Odynerus figulus Sauss. New record : Sanchez, Rep. Domini- cans ; 11-16 May 1915 ; male, Q -3R (A.M.N.H.) .



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19291 Stylopized Vespidz 255
Odynerus firmus Cresson. Pierce, 1918, 489 : in error for 0. arvensis Sauss.
Odynerzis flavomarginatus (Smith). Smith, 1852, Trans. Ent. Soc. London (2)
2,, pt. 1, 35 (as Rhynchium fla-
vomarginatum Sm.) : Northern China ; male ; 2 9 -3. S. Saunders, 1872, 42. Pierce, 1909, 180.
Odynerus flavopictus Sauss. New record: Put-in-Bay, Bass Island, Ohio; 1-10 July; C. H. Kennedy; male, 8 e-3L, 8 e-4R ; female, 8 e-4R ; and male,
Q -4R. Falls Church,
Virginia ; 2 June ; N. Banks ; male 8 e-5R (M.C.Z.) . Odynerus foraminatus Sauss. Pierce, 1909, 180 : Cincinnati, Ohio; 10 Aug. ; Q . Robertson, 1910, 325 : Carlinville, Il- linois; 13 Aug.; Chas. Robertson. Pierce, 1911. 506 : Trenton, New Jersey; 5 July 1907; Q of Pseudoxenos foraminati described p. 499. Salt, 1927, 183: Woods Hole, Massachusetts ; male, Q -4L ; female, Q -4L, 9 - 4L, 9 -4R ; and male,
8 p-4L. Carlinville, Illinois ; Chas.
Robertson ; female, Q -4L (M.C.Z.) . Chicago, Illinois ;# female, Q p-5R ; male, 8 e-4L ; and male, Q -4L. Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania ; 23 Aug. 1900 ; female, Q -4L. Dallas, Texas ; J. Boll ; female, Q -3R, 9 -3L, Q -4R (M.C.Z.) . Fedor, Texas ; 11 May ; G. Birkman ; male, Q -3R (M. C.Z.) . West Jefferson, Ohio ; 26 Aug. 1923 ; J. Bequaert ; female, 8 p-5R. Vienna, Virginia ; 18 Aug. ; male, Q -4R. Dyke, Virginia ; 14 May ; N. Banks ; male, 8 p-4L (M. C.Z.) . Falls Church, Virginia; N. Banks. New records: Nyack, New York; 2 July 1884; female, Q -4L (A.M.N.H.) . Pennsylvania ; male, 8 p-4R (U.S.N.M.). Put-in-Bay, Bass Island, Ohio; July; C. H. Kennedy ; female, 5 -3R, 9 -3L ; female, 9 -3L, Q -4R ; female, Q -4L ; female, Q -4L ; and female, Q -4L. Law- rence County, Ohio; 23 Aug. 1926; C. H. Kennedy; male, 9 -4R. Texas ; male, $4R (A.N.S.P.) . Texas ; 5 May 1900 ; male, Q -4R.
Odynerus f undatiformis Robt. Robertson, 1910, 325 : Or- lando, Florida ; 17 Febr. ; Chas. Robertson. Odynerus fundatus Cresson. Robertson, 1910, 325: Carlin- ville, Illinois; 25 June, 19 July; Chas. Robertson.



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256 Psyche [September
Pierce, 1911, 506 : Carlinville, Illinois ; 25 June ; Chas. Robertson ; 9 of Pseudoxenos fundati described p. 500. Salt, 1927, 183: Austin, Texas. Carlinville, Illinois; Chas. Robertson.
Odynerus fusus Cresson. New record: Texas; female, $13R, s -3L ; female, $ -3R ; and male, $ -3R (all A.N.S.P.) . Odynerus haemorrhoidalis (Fabr.). New record: Buitenzorg, Java ; March 1909 ; Bryant and Palmer ; female, $ -3L (U.S.N.M.) .
Odynerus hidalgi Sauss. Pierce, 1909,181 ( as 0. verus Cres- son) : Dallas, Texas ; 21 July ; W. A. Hooker; male, $ of Pseudoxenos hookeri described p. 139 (U.S.N.M.) . Odynerus japonicus (Dalla Torre). New record: Kyoto, Japan ; female, $ -3L (A.N.S.P.) .
Odynerus laevipes Shuckard. Saunders, 1853, 142 (as 0. rub- icola Dufour) : Epirus ; $ of Pseudoxenos klugii des- cribed.
Odynerus leprieurii Spinola. Spinola, 1841, 128 := Monte- zumia lepriezirii (Spinola) .
Odynerus leucomelas Sauss. New record: Queen's Park, Aylmer, Quebec; 15 Aug. 1924; C. B. Hutchings; fe- male, s -4L (Can. Nat. Coll.) .
Odynerus manifestus Cresson. Salt, 1927, 184 := 0. primus Dalla Tore.
Odynerus megaera Lepel. New record: Florida; female, $ e- 4R, 8 e-4L (Can. Nat. Coll.) .
Odynerus molestus Sauss. Dury, 1902,180: Cincinnati, Ohio. Odynerus pedestris Sauss. Robertson, 1910, 325 : Carlinville, Illinois ; 6 July; Chas. Robertson. Pierce, 1911, 500 : from above specimen describes 9 of Pseudoxenos pe- destridis.
Odynerus perennis Sauss. Salt, 1927, 184: Great Falls, Vir- ginia ; 9 Sept. ; N. Banks ; male, Q -3L (M.C.Z.) . Dyke, Virginia ; 14 May ; N. Banks ; male, 8 p-4L (M.C.Z.) .



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19291 Stylopized Vespidse 257
Falls Church, Virginia ; 27 June ; N. Banks ; female, Q -3L (M.C.Z.) .
Odynerus pratensis Sauss. Salt, 1927, 184: El Paso, Texas ; female.
Odynerus primus Dalla Torre. Salt, 1927, 184 (as 0. manifestus Cress.) : Fedor, Texas; female. Odynerus rubicola Dufour. Saunders, 1853, 142 := 0. lzvi- pes Shuckard.
Odynerus spinipes (Linn. ) . Saunders, 1872, 46 : Corcyra ; 22 May ; 8 of Pseudoxenos corcyricus described. Odynerus sulphurous Sauss. New record : Baron, California ; female, Q-3R, Q-3R, Q-4L (U.S.N.M.).
Odynerus synagroides (Sauss.) . New records : Stanleyville, Belgian Congo ; 15 March ; female,
Q -2L, $ e-4L ; and
male, 8 p-3L (both A.M.N.H.) . Coquilhatville, Belgian Congo ; 15 October 1922 ; J. Bequaert ; male, 8 e-5L. Odynerus toas Cresson. Pierce, 1918, 489 : Albuquerque, New Mexico; $ of Pseudoxenos neomexicanus de- scribed p. 463. Salt, 1927, 184 : Valentine, Texas; male. El Paso, Texas, male. Steins, New Mexico; male. Odynerus turpis Sauss. Robertson, 1910, 325: Inverness, Florida ; 19 March ; Chas. Robertson.
Odynerus vagans Sauss. Pierce, 1909, 181: Mound, Louisia- na; 12 May; C. R. Jones; 9 of Pseudoxenos lozcisianz described p. 138.
Odynerus verus Cresson. Pierce, 1909, 181: in error for 0. hidalgi Sauss.
Odynerus ziziae Robt., mss. Robertson, 1918, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 13, 85.
Rhynchium (See Odynerus) .
Pachodynerus cubensis (Sauss.) . Salt, 1927, 184 : Soledad, Cuba ; April ; J. Bequaert ; male, Q 3R, Q -4L, 9 -4stL, 8 e-5R ( 8 emerged in captivity).




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258 Psyche [September
Pachodynerus erynnis (Lepel.) . Robertson, 1910,325 : Inver- ness, Florida; 10 Febr., 10 and 25 March; Chas. Robert- son. Pierce, 1911, 506: Inverness, Florida; Chas. Ro- bertson; Q of Pseudoxenos erynnidis described p. 499. Salt, 1927, 184: Lakeland, Florida; Wm. T. Davis. Inverness, Florida ; Chas. Robertson. Miami, Florida ; J. Bequaert.
New records : Inverness, Florida ; Chas. Robertson ; female, Q -3L; male, Q -3R, Q -3L; male, Q -2R, Q -2L, 8 e-4R, 8 e-4L; and male, Q 3R, Q -3L (all M.C. Z.) . Punta Gorda, Fla. ; 11 Nov. 1911 ; female, 8 p-3R, Q -3L, Q -3stL, 8 p-4L, 2 p-4R (A. M. N. H.) . Royal Palm Park, Florida; 12-18 April 1923; male, Q -4R (A.M.N.H.) . Miami, Florida; 18 Dec. 1912 ; F. Knab; female, +3L, 8p-4R (U.S.N.M.).
Pachodynerus guadulpensis (Sauss.). Salt, 1927, 184: San- teurs, Grenada; Sept. 1910; Allen and Brues; female, Q -3R.
Pachodynerus nasidens (Latr.) . Salt, 1927, 184 : Puerto Castilla, Rep. Honduras ; J. Bequaert.
New record : Ypiranga, R. Iga-Putumayo, Brazil ; 29 Aug. 1920; Cornell Univ. Exped.; female, Q -2L, Q -3R.
Pachodynerus praecox (Sauss.). New record: St. Benedict Mt., Tunapuna, Trinidad; 3 Sept. 1927; M. G. Netting; male, Q -3R, 8 p-4L.
Pachodynerus punctulatus Brethes. New records : Iguazu Falls, Argentina ; 20-22 Jan. 1920 ; Cornell Univ. Exped. ; female, Q -3L, 8 e-4L, 8 e-4R. Paso de 1. Libres, Corrientes, Argentina ; 12-14 Jan. 1920 ; Cornell Univ. Exped. ; female, 8 p-4L, Q -4R.
Ancistrocerus sp. (auctus (Fabr.) ?) [A. auctus (Fabr.) = A. parietum (Linn.) 1. Heyden, 1836, lxxiv : 8 . Ancistrocerus albophaleratus (Sauss.) . Pierce, 1911, 506 [as A. capra (Sauss.) ] : Washington State ; male, 8 e-4L
U.S.N.M.). Salt, 1927, 184: Canaan, Connecticut; J. Bequaert. Halfway House, Mt. Washington, New



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19291 Stylopized Vespidse, 259
Hampshire; C. W. Johnson. Maine. Bilby, Alberta ; George Salt.
New record : Edmonton, Alberta; 23 June 1924 ; George Salt ; male, 9 -3L.
Ancistrocerus bacu (Sauss.) . New records : Soledad, Cuba ; 3 April 1926; J. Bequaert; female, 8 -e3L, 8 4R. Hoyo Colorado, Cuba; Oct. 1923; C. Enamorado; female, 8 p-4L.
Ancistrocerus birenimaculatus (Sauss.). Salt, 1927, 184: Flushing, New York ; J. Bequaert, Newfoundland, New Jersey.
New records: vicinity of New York, New York; ex nest ; 1924 ; female, 8 p-4L ; male, 8 p-3R ; male, 8 p-4R ; male, $ p-4L male, 8 p-4R (all A.M.N.H.) . Ancistrocerus bradleyi (Robt. ) . Robertson, 1910, 324 (as A. clypeatus (Robt.) ) ; Carlinville, Illinois; 24 May, 31 May; Chas. Robertson. Salt, 1927, 183 : no data. Ancistrocerus campestris (Sauss.) . Pierce, 1909, 180 : Mis- souri; C. V. Riley; 8e (U.S.N.M.).
Ancistrocerus copra (Sauss.) . Pierce, 1911, 506 : in error for A. albophaleratus (Sauss.) .
Ancistrocerus catskillensis (Sauss.). Salt, 1927, 184: Forest Hills, Massachusetts; L. H. Taylor. Auburndale, Mass- achusetts ; C. W. Johnson. Keene Valley, New York ; H. Notman. Colebrook, Connecticut; W. M. Wheeler. Salt, 1927, 184 (as A. waldenii (Vier.) ) : Forest Hills, Mass- achusetts; 0: E. Plath.
New record: Put-in-Bay, Bass Island, Ohio; 1-10 July ; C. H. Kennedy ; male, 9 -4R.
Ancistrocerus clypeatus (Robt.). Robertson, 1910, 324:~ A. bradleyi (Robt.).
Ancistrocerus fulvipes (Sauss.) . Pierce, 1909, 180 (As 0. colon Cresson) : Mound, Louisiana; 12 May; C. R. Jones; $ of Pseudoxenos jonesi described p. 138. Salt, 1927, 184: Lee County, Texas; G. Birkman. New Braunfels, Texas; 27 June 1917 ; J. Bequaert ; male, 8 e-4L.




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260 Psyche [September
Ancistrocerus haematodes (Brull6) . New record : Canary Islands ; 9 -3L (Cornell Univ.) .
Ancistrocerus histrio (Lepel.) . Robertson, 1910, 325 : Inver- ness, Florida; 20 and 24 March; Chas. Robertson. Pierce, 1911, 506: Inverness, Florida; 20 March; Chas. Robertson ; Q of Pseudoxenos histrionis described p. 500. Salt, 1927, 184: Inverness, Florida; Chas. Ro- bertson.
Ancistrocerus histrionalis (Robt .) . Robertson, 1910, 324 : Carlinville, Illinois; 5 and 27 Aug. ; Chas. Robertson. Pierce, 1911, 506 : Carlinville, Illinois ; 27 Aug. ; Chas. Robertson ; 9 of Pseudoxenos robertsoni described p. 501. Salt, 1927, 184 : no data.
Ancistrocerus parietum (Linn.). Saunders, 1872, 44: Cor- cyra; Oct.; 8 of Pseudoxenos schaumzi described. Ogloblin, 1925, Bull. Ent. Pologne 3, 120: Mielnica, Poland ; 20 Aug. 1922 ; V. Noskiewicz ; male 4 8 p, $ , and triungulinids of Pseudoxenos schaurnii Saunders. Salt, 1927, 184: Ithaca, New York.
Ancistrocerus pertinax (Sauss.) . Pierce, 1909, 180 : National Park, Wyoming ; 31 July ; male.
Ancistrocerus sexcingulatus Ashmead. Pierce, 1911, 507: Florissant, Colorado; 26 June 1907 ; S. A. Rohwer. Ancistrocerus tigris (Sauss.) . Robertson, 1910, 324: Carlin- ville, Illinois; 23 Sept. ; Chas. Robertson, Pierce, 1911, 501 : from above specimen describes 9 of Pseudoxenos tigridis. Salt, 1927, 184: Ramsey, New Jersey; 6 and 16 June 1916 ; J. Bequaert ; male, Q -3R ; male, 8 p-4L.
Fort Lee, New Jersey ; 3 Sept. 1916 ; female, 8 p-4L. Falls Church, Virginia; 18 Sept.; N. Banks; female, 2 -3L, 8 p-4R (M.C.Z.) . Glencarlyn, Virginia ; 26 Sept. ; N. Banks; female, Q -3L (M.C.Z.). Melsh, Pennsylva- nia ; female,
Q -3L (M.C.Z. ) . Colebrook, Connecticut ; 6 Sept. 1921 ; W. M. Wheeler ; female, Q -3L, 9 -4R. Colebrook, Connecticut; 23 Aug. 1919 ; W. M. Wheeler; female, Q -4R.
New record : Put-in-Bay, Bass Island, Ohio; 1-10, July ; C. H. Kennedy ; male, Q -3L.




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Ancistrocerus waldenii (Vier.). Salt, 1927, 185: in error for A. catskillensis (Sauss.) .
New record : Montreal, Quebec; W. Couper ; female, 8 P-4L (U.S.N.M.) .
Monobia quadridens (Linn.). Pierce, 1909, 180: Wolfe City, Texas; 31 May; Q . Orange, Louisiana; 23 Aug. ; F. C. Bishopp ; 9 of Monobiaphila bishoppi described p. 139. New records : Pensacola, Florida ; 11-14 Oct. 1914 ; female, Q -4L, Q -4R (A.M.N.H.) . New York, New York ; male, Q -3R, Q -3L, 8 e-5R, 8 e-5L (A.M.N.H.) . Yaphank, Long Island, New York ; 12 July ; male, Q - 3R, 8 p-5L (A.M.N.H.). Paterson, New Jersey; 21 July; male, 9 -4L (A.M.N.H.) .
Montezumia sp. near brunnea Smith. Salt, 1927, 183: Rio Salado, Chaco de Santiago del Estero, Argentina; fe- male.
Montezumia infernalis (Spinola) . Salt, 1927, 183 : Villarica, Paraguay ; 1923 ; female.
New records : Chapada, Brazil ; March ; female, 8 p- 4R, 8 p-5L (A. N. S. P.) . Paraguay ; female, 9 -4L (A.M.N.H.) .
Montezumia leprieurii (Spinola) . Spinola, 1841, Ann. Soc. Ent. France 10, 128 (as Odynerus leprieurii Spinola) : Cayenne, French Guiana ; female, 8 e-5.
Montezumia vigilii Brethes. Brethes, 1923, 45 : Cordoba, Rep. Argentina; ? of Monte~ztmiaphila vigili des- cribed.
Polybiinae
Nectarina lecheguana (Latr.). New record: Tacna, Rio Pu- tumayo, Peru; 28 Aug. 1920; Cornell Univ. Exped.; female, Q -5R.
Polybia sericea (Olivier) . Smith, 1859, 131 : Brazil; female, Q -4.
Mischocyt tarus flavitarsis (Sauss.) . Pierce, 1918, 490 (as Megacanthopus flavitarsis [Sauss.] ) : Stone Cabin Ca-



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262 Psyche [September
nyon, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; 25 Aug. 1913; W. D. Pierce.
Clypeopolybia duckei Brethes. Brethes, 1923, 46 : Bolivia ; female, 9 of Clypoxenos americanus described. Belonogaster brunneus Ritsema. New record: Lenga Town, Liberia ; 16 Aug. 1926 ; J. Bequaert ; male, 9 -4L. Belonogaster dubius Kohl. du Buysson, 1909, 236: female, 4L.
Belonogaster elegans Gerst. See B. lateritius var. elegans (Gerst.) .
Belonogaster filiventris (Sauss.). Salt, 1927, 185 : La Panda, Katanga, Belgian Congo; 2 Oct. 1920; Mich. Bequaert; female.
Belonogaster griseus (Fabr.) . Saunders, 1872, 36 : Africa; Q . Saunders, 1872, 36 (as B. rufipennis Degeer) : Afri- ca ; 8 e and 9 . du Buysson, 1909, 249 ; female, 8 p-4R.
New record: Boma, Congo; 16 June 1915; Lang and Chapin ; female,
8 p-5L (A.M.N.H.) .
Belonogaster guerini (Sauss.) . du Buysson, 1909, 226 : male, 5R.
Belonogaster junceus (Fabr.) . Smith, 1859, 130 : Tripoli ; 9 . Salt, 1927, 185: Masinga Archipelago, Victoria Nyan- za; J. Carl.
New records: Medje, Belgian Congo; Jan.; Lang and Chapin ; female, 8 e-3R ( A.M.N.H. ) . Stanleyville, Belgian Congo; 8 Aug. 1909 ; Lang and Chapin; male, 9 -4R (A.M.N.H.) . Faradje, Belgian Congo ; Sept. 1912; Lang and Chapin; female, 9 -3L (A.M.N.H.). Moala, Liberia ; 3 Nov. 1926 ; J. Bequaert ; male, 8 p- 6L. Gbanga, Liberia; 12 Sept. 1926; J. Bequaert; fe- male, 8 p-4L ; female, 9 -4L ; and female, 8 e-3L, 8 e-4L, 9 -4R.
Belonogaster lateritius Gerst. var. elegans (Gerst.) . Zavat- tari, 1909, Ruwenzori Rel. Sci. 1, 212 and 271-273: Butiti, Uganda, July; 9. Pierce, 1911, 498 : from above



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19291 Stylopized Vespidse 263
specimen describes 9 and triungulinids of Belonogas- techthrus zavattarii.
Belonogaster pusillus Kohl. du Buysson, 1909, 239: worker, e-4L.
New record : Garamba, Belgian Congo ; July 1912 ; Lang and Chapin ; female, 8 e-4L (A.M.N.H.) . Belonogaster rufipennis (Degeer) . Saunders, 1872, 36 := B. griseus (Fabr.).
Belonogaster turbulentus Kohl. du Buysson, 1909, 240: fe- male, 9 -4R.
Ropalidiinae
Ropalidia cincta (Lepel.). Salt, 1927, 185: Gali, Belgian Congo: J. Bequaert; male.
Ropalidia ferruginea (Fabr.) . Horne, 1870, 170 : North-west Provinces of India.
Ropalidia nobilis (Gerst.). Salt, 1927, 185: Lisala, Congo; Oct. 1924 ; female, 8 e-5R.
Polist inae
Polistes spp. Saunders, 1872, 36 : Caffra ; 8 . Fenyes, 1901, Ent. News 12, 90: Mount Arlington, New Jersey (probably P. fuseatus var. pallipes [Lepel.] ) . Muir, 1906, Bull. Haw. S. P. Assoc. 2, 9: Honolulu, Hawaii. Pierce, 1909, 184 : Virginia ; 8 (A.N.S.P.) . Victoria, Texas ; 27 June; C. R. Jones ; 25 Sept. ; J. C. Crawford ; Q and 8 p of Xenos hunteri described p. 130. Hat Creek, Sioux County, Nebraska ; Aug. ; Q and 8 e of Xenos bruneri Pierce (described?). Schrader, 1924, 162 : Connecticut ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; District of Columbia ; Maryland. Leonard, 1928, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Station Memoir 101, 521: Staten Island, New York.
Polistes americanus Fabr. See P. c~initus var. americanus (Fabr.) .
Polistes anaheimensis Provancher. Pierce, 1918, 489 :=P.
fuscatus var. bellicosus (Cresson).




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264 Psyche [September
Polistes annularis (Linn.). See P. canadensis var. annularis (Linn.) .
Polistes aurifer Sauss. See P. fuscatus var. aurifer (Sauss.). Polistes bellicosus Cresson. See P. fuscatus var. bellicosus (Cresson).
Polistes canadensis (Linn.) . Pierce, 1909, 182 : Texas ; 8 e. See also P. canadensis var. metricus Say. Hoffman, 1914, Zool. Anz. 45, 99: Uruguay; Bohls; 8, Q, and triungulinids of Xenos bohki described.
Polistes canadensis (Linn.) var. annularis (Linn.) . Brues, 1903, 242 and 246: Austin, Texas; May 1901; C. T. Brues ; 8 of Xenos pallidus described. Brues, 1905, 291 : Texas; 8 and Q of Xenos pallidus Brues, and 8 and Q of Xenos nigrescens Brues. Pierce, 1909, 181 and 182 : Paxton, Texas ; 9 Aug. ; W. D. Pierce; $ . Rosser, Texas; Sept. and Oct.; F. C. Bishopp and C. R. Jones; 8 and Q of Xenos pallidus Brues. Agricultural College, Mississippi ; $ . Bennington, Indian Territory ; 28 Aug. ; J. C. Crawford. Victoria, Texas; 16 July; W. E. Hinds; female, Q -4R, Q -5L (U.S.N.M.) . Texas ; G. W. Bel- frage ; male, 8 p-2R, 5 p-6L (U.S.N.M.) . Plummer's Island, Maryland; Nov. 1907; W. P. Hay and W. L. McAtee; 8 p and Q of Xenos pallidus Brues. Pierce, 1918, 489: Louisville, Nebraska; 2 Aug. 1914; H. A. Jones and E. G. Anderson; 7 females, 3 of Xenos pal- lidus Brues. Omaha, Nebraska; 20 Aug. 1913; L. T. Williams; female, $ of Xenos pallidus Brues. New Orleans, Louisiana; E. Foster. Salt, 1927, 185: Mon- golia County, West Virginia; 1,. H. Taylor; male and 2 workers. Rau, 1929, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 33, 231: Kirkwood, Missouri ; P. Rau ; 2 females. New records: Orlando, Florida; 7 Dec. 1906; fe- male, Q -5L; female, Q -5L; female, 8 e-2R, 8 e-3R, 9 -5R, 9 -5L ; female, Q -4L, 8 e-3R (all U.S.N.M.) . Orlando, Florida ; 17 June 1907 ; Chittenden ; female, Q -5R (U.S.N.M.) .
Polistes canadensis (Linn.) var. lanio (Fabr.). New record : Las Loras, near Puntarenas, Costa Rica; 18 Sept. 1905 ; I?. Knab ; female, Q -5R (U.S.N.M.) .




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19291 Stylopized Vespidse 265
Polistes canadensis (Linn.) var. metricus (Say). Note: Northern records of P. metricus Say refer to P. fusca- tus var. pallipes (Lepel.). Pierce, 1909, 182 (as P. canadensis (Linn.) ; Mound, Louisiana ; 20 Aug. 1906 ; F. C. Bishopp ; female, 8 e-3L (U.S.N.M.) . Pierce, 1909, 183 (as P. navajoe Cresson) : Metacomba Key, Florida; March 1898; G. N. Collins; female, 8 e-3L (U.S.N.M.). Pierce, 1909, 184 (as P. rubiginosus Lepel.) : Onaga, Kansas ; Crevecoeur ; female, 8 e-3R (U.S.N.M.).
Polistes canadensis (Linn.) var. unicolor (Lepel.) . Lepele- tier, 1836, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. 1, 520: Cayenne, French Guiana ; Doumerc ; worker,
8 e-5.
Polistes carnifex (Fabr.) Pierce, 1909, 182 : Mexico ; 8 p and 8 e. New record : "Colom" ; C. F. Baker; female, 8 p- 4R, 2 -5L (U.S.N.M.) .
Polistes cavapyta Sauss. Brethes, 1923, 43; San Luis, Rep. Argentina; 2 of Xenos argentinus described. Polistes crinitus (Felton). Pierce, 1909, 182 : See P. crinitus var. americanus (Fabr.). Pierce, 1918, 490: New Orleans, Louisiana ; E. Foster (this record is very doubtful as P. crinitus probably does not occur on the American mainland). Salt, 1927, 185 : Sanchez, Rep. Dominicana ; 17-21 May 1915 ; female, 8 p-4R ; female, 8 p-3L ; female, 8 p-3R ; female, 8 e-4L ; female, 8 p-3R, 8 p-4L.
Polistes crinitus (Felton) var. americanus (Fabr.). Smith, 1859, 131 : North America; female, 8 e. Hubbard, 1892, Can. Entom. 24,258 : Florida. Pierce. 1909, 122 and 182 (based on Hubbard's specimens) : Crescent City, Flor- ida ; 6 April ; H. G. Hubbard ; 14 , Q , and triungulinids of Xenos hubbardi (Pierce, 108, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 9, 84). These three records are certainly erroneous as P. crinitus var. americanus (Fabr.) does not occur on the American mainland. Salt, 1927, 185: Mayaguez, Porto Rico ; 16-16 Febr. 1914 ; female, 8 p-4R ; female, '
9 -5L. Coamo Springs, Porto Rico ;
17-19 July 1914 ;
female, 8 e-3L, 9 -5L. Manati, Porto Rico ; 27-29 June



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266 Psyche [September
1915; female, 9-5L. Cayey, Porto Rico; 30-31 May 1915 ; female, 9 -5R. Jayuya, Porto Rico; 6 Jan. 1915; female, 8 p-3R. Aibonito, Porto Rico ; 14-17 July 1914 ; female, 8 p-3R.
New record : Porto Rico; female, 9 -3L (Hamburg Mus.) .
Polistes cubensis Lepel. Pierce, 1909. 183 (as P. lineatus (Fabr.) ) : Cuba ; Palmer and Riley ; 8 p and 8 e (one specimen seen : female, 8 e-4R (U.S.N.M. ) . PoZistes diadema Latr. See P. gallicus var. diadema (Latr.). Polistes erythrocerus Cameron. Cameron, 1900, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 6,419 : Kamakura, Japan; George Lewis; female.
PoZistes flaws Cresson. Pierce, 1909, 182=P. fuscatus var. aurif er (Sauss.) .
Polistes fziscatus (Fabr.). See P. fuscatus var. pallipes (Lepel.) .
Polistes fuscatus (Fabr.) var. apachus (Sauss.) . Brues, 1903, 242 (as P. texanus Cresson) : Austin, Texas; 8 e. Ano- nymous, 1903, Ent. News 14, 274 (as P. texanus Cres- son) : Pecos, Texas. Pierce, 1909, 184
(as P. texanus
Cresson) : New Mexico; C. F. Baker; female, 8 e-3R,
8 e-3L (U.S.N.M.) . Victoria, Texas ; 7 July ; C.M. Walker ;
8 p. Victoria, Texas ; 25 July ; C.R. Jones ; $ and 8 e of Xenos texani described p. 132. Pecos, Texas; 27 Febr., 25 and 30 Sept. ; A. E. Brown; 8, 8 p, and 9 of Xenos pecosensis described p. 128.
Polistes f uscatus (Fabr. ) var. aurif er (Sauss.) . Perkins, 1899, Fauna Hawaiiensis 1, 29: Lanai and Hawaii. Pierce, 1909, 182: Washington State; 8. California; 8 p. Folsom, California ; 10 and 12 July ; female, 8 e-3R, 8 e-4L ; and female, 8 e-4L (both U.S.N.M.) . Pierce, 109, 182 (as P. flavus Cresson) : Colorado ; 8 p (U.S. N.M.). Pierce, 1911, 507: Palo Alto, California; Febr. 1892 ; W. G. Johnston ; 8 e and $ of Xenos auriferi described p. 498. Terry, 1912, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. '2, 181: Hawaii. Ehrhorn, 1915, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 3,



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19291 Stylopized Vespidas 267
86: Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. Pierce, 1918, 489: Au- burn, California; 14 Aug. 1915; L. Bruner; female, 9. Williams, 1927, Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. 6, 463: Hawaii. New records : "W. T." ; male, 8 p-4L (A.N.S.P.) . No data ; female, 8 e-3R (A.N.S.P.) .
Polistes fuscatus (Fabr.) var. bellicosus (Cresson). Pierce, 1909, 182 (with doubt) : Natchitoches, Louisiana; 15 Sept. ; 8 . Pierce, 1918, 489 : Stone Cabin Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; 24 Aug. 1913; W. D. Pierce; $p. Pierce, 1918, 489 (as P. anaheimensis Provancher) : Auburn, California; 23 July 1915 ; L. Bruner ; male, Q of Xenos calif orniczts Pierce (described ?) . Polistes fuscatus (Fabr.) var. pallipes (Lepel.) . Kirby, 1813, 116 (as P. fuscatus (Fabr.) .: Newbury, Mas- sachusetts; $ and Q of Xenos peckii described. Austin, 1882, Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc. 1,12 (as P. metricus Say) : Reading, Massachusetts. Dury, 1902, 180 (as P. fus- eatus [Fabr.] ) : Cincinnati, Ohio; . Brues, 1903, 241 (as P. metricus Say). Pierce, 1909, 183 : Marion, Mass- achusetts; 2-12 Sept. ; F. C. Bowditch; 8 and Q of Xenos bowditchi described p. 130. Cincinnati, Ohio ; June-Sept. ; 8, Q 8 p, and Q e of Xenos bowditchi. Pierce, 1909, 183 (as P. metricus Say) : Colebrook, Connecticut; Aug. ; W. M. Wheeler; 8 and Q of Xenos wheeleri described p. 129. Washington, D.C.; 6 Sept.; s of Xenos wheeleri (Pierce). Ithaca, New York; Aug. and Sept. Detroit, Michigan; 8 and 9 of Xenos bruesi described p. 124. Chicopee, Massachusetts ; F. Knab ; female, 8 e-3stR, 8 e-4R, 8 e-4L ; and female, 8 e-4R (both U.S.N.M.). Pierce, 1909, 183 (as P. instabiUs Sauss. ) : New Orleans, Louisiana ; July ; female, 8 e-4L (U.S.N.M.). Pierce, 1909, 184
(as P. variatus Cres-
son) : Washington, D.C. ; female, 8 p-3L, s e-4R (U.S. N.M.). Wheeler, 1910, 277 (as P. metricus Say) : Cole- brook, Connecticut; Aug. 1900; W. M. Wheeler. Pierce, 1911, 507 (as P. metricus Say) : Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York. Salt, 1927, 185: Colebrook, Robertsville, and Chapenville, Connecticut; W. M. Wheeler.



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268 Psyche [September
New records : Cincinnati, Ohio; 16 Sept. 1905 ; male, 8 e-3L (U.S.N.M. ) . Pennsylvania ; C.F. Baker ; male, 8 p-4R (U.S.N.M.) . Washington, D.C. ; Oct. 1884 ; male, 8 e-4R, ? -5L (U.S.N.M.) .
Polistes fuscatus (Fabr.) var. perplexus (Cresson). Pierce, 1909, 183 : Texas ; 8 e.
Polistes fuscatus (Fabr.) var. rubiginosus (Lepel.) . Brues, 1903,242 : Austin, Texas ; Oct. 1901 ; C. T. Brues ; 8 and 2 of Xenos nigrescens described p. 247. Brues, 1905, 290 : Paris, Texas ; 22 May ; C. T. Brues : 2 and triun- gulinids of Xenos nigrescens Brues. Pierce, 1909, 184: Round Mountain, Texas ; 8 e and $ . Logansport, Louis- iana ; 6 June; W. D. Pierce; 8 p and $ of Xenos rubi- ginosi described p. 132. New Boston, Texas; 26 Sept. 1906; F. C. Bishopp; male, 8 e-3L, 8 e-4R, 8 e-4stR ; and male, 8 p-3L, 8 e-4stL, 8 e-5R (both U.S. N.M.). Henrietta, Texas; 50ct. 1906; F.
C. Bishopp;
male, 8 e-4L (U.S.N.M.) . Mineola, Texas ; 19 July 1906 ; Bishopp and Jones ; female, 8 e-2R, 8 e2-L, 8 e-3stR, 8 e- 4stL, $ -4L, 8 e-4R, $ e-5L (U.S.N.M.) . Waco, Texas ; 29 Aug. 1906 ; F. C. Bishopp ; female, 8 e-3L, e-4R,
(
removed?) of Xenos pecosensis described p. 128 (U. S.N.M.) . Texas ; $ of Xenos maximzis described p. 132. See also P. canadensis var. metricus (Say). Pierce, 1911, 507 : Arlington, Texas ; 30 Sept. ; 8 e. Tallulah, Louisiana ; 29 Jan. and 16 Febr. ; V. I. Safro ; 8 e and 9.
Pierce, 1918, 490 : New Orleans, Louisiana ; E. Foster. New record : Victoria, Texas ; 15 June 1904 ; female, 8 e-2L (U.S.N.M.) .
Polistes fuscatus (Fabr.) var. variatus (Cresson.) Brues, 190, 241: parasitized by Xenos peckii Kirby. Pierce, 1909, 184: in error for P. fmcatus var. pallipes (Le- pel.) . Robertson, 1910, 324 : Carlinville, Illinois ; 30 Sept.; Chas. Robertson. Wheeler, 1910, 377: Chicago, Illinois; W. M. Wheeler. Pierce, 1911, 507 : Church's Island, Maryland ; 3 Nov. ; W. L. McAtee ; 8 and $ . Pierce, 1918, 490 : Clarksville, Tennessee ; 10 Nov. 1915 ;



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E. E. Crumb ; 4 8 e. Lanham, Maryland ; 24 Nov. 1915 ; H. F. Loomis ;
8 p and $ . Salt, 1927, 185 : Carlinville, Illinois ; Chas. Robertson ; male, s -5L. Polistes gallicus (Linn.). Rossi, 1793, Bull. Sci. Soc. Phil- omath. Paris 1, 49: Italy; 8 of Xenos vesparum des- cribed. Rossi, 1807, Fauna Etrusca 2, 136. Kirby, 1813, 116: Europe; 8 and 9 of Xenos rossii described. Jurine, 1818, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino 23, 63; Italy. Heyden, 1836, lxxix: . Rosenhauer, 1842, Stettin. Ent. Zeit. 2, 53: Germany. Saunders, 1853, 125: Albania. Saundem, 1866, Proc. Ent. SOC. Lond. (3) 2, 116. Saunders, 1872, 36 : Europe; Xenos jurinei described p. 39. Rouget, 1873, 268: France. Nassanow, in Hofe- neder, 1910, 3 : Cairo, Egypt. L6veill6, 1895, Bull. Soc. Ent. France (18951, vi : Gryon, Canton de Vaud, Swit- . zerland ; Aug. 1894. Pierce, 1909, 183 : Innsbruck, Aus- tria ; 28 Oct. ; Karl Hofeneder ; worker, 8 e-3R, 8 e-5L U.S.N.M.) . Rabaud and Millot, 1927, C.R. Soc. Biol. 96, 944. Salt, 1927, 185 : no data ; worker, 8 e-4R. Polistes gallicus (Linn.) var. diadema (Latr.) . Rouget, 1873, 268: France. Hofeneder, 1910, 5 footnote: female, 68p.
Polistes hebraeus (Fabr.) . Horne, 1870, 171 ; Maxwell- Lefroy and Howlett, 1909, 395; and Pierce, 1918, 490: =P. olivaceus (Degeer) .
Polistes instabilis Sauss. Smith, 1859, 131 : Brazil ; female, 4 8 e and 5 9 ; incorrectly determined. Pierce, 1909, 183 : in error for P. fuscatus var. pallipes (Lepel.). Polistes lineatus (Fabr.). Pierce, 1909, 183:=P. cubensis Lepel.
Polistes major Beauvois. Pierce, 1918, 490 : District Federal, Mexico ; J. R. Inda ; 4 8 e and 4 8 p.
Polistes marginalis (Fabr.). Schulz, 1905, Hymen. Studien. 15 : Boma, Belgian Congo; worker, 5 parasites. New records: Luvungi, Belgian Congo; 30 Jan. 1927 ; J. Bequaert ; female, 8 e-3L, 8 e-4L, 8 e-4R. Kwa-
mouth, Belgian Congo ; 13 Dec. 1926 ; J. Bequaert ; male



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270 Psyche [September
8 e-3L, 8 e-3stL, 9 -3R, 9 -3R, 5 e-5R ; and male, 9 - 3stR, 8 p-4R, 9 -6L.
Polistes metricus Say. See P. canadensis var. metricus (Say) and P. fuscatus var. pallipes (Lepel.) . Polistes minor Beauvois. Pierce, 1918, 490: in error for? (P. minor does not occur in
Louisiana, the locality
given by Pierce).
Polistes navajoe Cresson. Pierce, 1909, 183: in error for P. canadensis var. metricus (Say).
Polistes olivaceus (Degeer) . Horne, 1870, 171 : North-west Provinces of India. Maxwell-Lefroy and Howlett, 1909, Indian Insect Life, 395; India;
8. Pierce, 1918, 490:
Pusa, Bihar, India; 12 April 1911; G. R. Dutt; 8 and 9.
Polistes opinabilis Kohl. Fahringer, 1919, Zeitschr. wiss. Ins. biol. 15, 48: Pola, Istria, Italy.
Polistes pallipes Lepel. See P. fuscatus var.pallipes (Lepel.) . Polistes perplexus Cresson. See P. fuseatus var. perplexus (Cresson).
Polistes rubiginosus Lepel. See P. fuscatus var. rubiginosus (Lepel.) .
Polistes stigma (Fabr.). Horne, 1870, 172: North-west Provinces of India.
Polistes texanus Cresson=P. fuscatus var. apachus (Sauss.) .
Polistes unicolor Lepel. See P. canadensis var. unicolor (Lepel.) .
Polistes variatus Cresson. See P. fuscatus var. variatus (Cresson).
Polistes versicolor (Olivier) . Brethes, 1923, 44 ; Buenos Aires, Rep. Argentina; 8 and
of Xenos bonariensis
described.
Vespa acuta Lefebvre in Ann. Soc. Ent. France 4: xlv; 1835. (a nomen nudum) .




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19291 Stylopized Vespidse 271
Vespa carolina Linn. Pierce, 191.8, 489: Clarksville, Ten- nessee ; 19 Oct. 1915 ; S. E. Crumb ; male, $ p. Vespa concolor Kirby. Kirby, 1813, 118: $ e. Vespa crabro Linn. Pierce, 1909, 181 Japan; female, Q of Vespaexenos crabronis described p. 134.
Vespa ducalis Smith, du Buysson, 1906, Revue d'Entom. 25, 11: Hue, Annam; E. Fleutiaux; worker, <$p-4R. Parasite extracted and described as the 8 of Vespaex- nos moutoni du Buysson. Pierce, 1903, 134: proposes Vespaexenos buyssoni new name.
Vespa lama du Buysson. du Buysson, 1906, 175 (additional data in du Buysson, 1905, 580) ; Sikkim, India ; Q -5R. Vespa magnifica Smith. du Buysson, 1903, 175 (additional data in du Buysson, 1905, 526) : Yun-nam, China; male, $ p-4st. Ts6-kou, China ; worker, Q -5. Q of Vespsexenos moutoni du Buysson.
Vespa mandarinia Smith. du Buysson, 1903, 175 (additional data in du Buysson, 1905, 522) : Ngan-hoei, China; R. P. Mouton. Yng-chan, China. Q of Vespsexenos moutoni described p. 175 .
New records : Kyoto, Japan ; female, Q -5R ; and female, Q -5R (both A.N.S.P.) .
Vespa mongolica Andre. New ~-ecord : Kyoto, Japan ; female, 8 p-4R (A.N.S.P.) .
Vespa nigrans du Buysson. du Buysson, 1903, 175: Yun- nam, China. Ts6-kou, China. Q of Vespaexenos moutoni (du Buysson) .
Vespa vulgaris Linn. Heyden, 1836, lxxiv: Stuttgart, Ger- many; Van Roser ; Q .
Our list includes members of eight of the eleven sub- families of Vespidse. The Euparagiinse, Gayellinse, and Stenogastrinse are unrepresented. Of the Gayellinse we have' examined only about half a dozen specimens for



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272 Psyche [September
Strepsiptera, and of the Stenogastrinse and Euparagiinae fewer than fifty, so we are not surprised that parasitized examples have not yet turned up.
There are, however, some rather puzzling lacunae. Among the Eumeninae, Synagris forms one; we have deliberately examined over four hundred specimens without finding any evidence of stylopization. That more infested indivi- duals of Polybiinse, and especially of Polybia, Metapolybia, and Mischocyttarus, are not known is surprising when one considers their abundance in the tropics; we ourselves have examined some hundreds of specimens especially from the West Indies and Colombia without finding a single parasi- tized example. The genue Vespa contributes several species to the list but the common forms, of which one might expect numerous records if they are subject to strepsipterous attack, are conspicuously absent.
The data, however, are lacking rather than actually negative; and in spite of these contrary indications in certain groups it has frequently occurred to us, as we gathered the records, that sooner or later stylopized speci- mens will be found in most, if not all, of the genera of Vespidse. The majority of the common genera are already known to be attacked, at any rate occasionally, and our lack of records for the rarer groups is not surprising when one considers the very low frequency of stylopization in the Vespidae as a whole. Until 1927 no representative of the Zethinae had appeared in the host lists; now five stylopized specimens belonging to three species are known. The Ropalidiinse were long included solely on the basis of Horne's record from India; three specimens are listed above. It was not until 1909 that Pierce recorded the first case of stylopization in Monobia, and until 1923 that Montezumia was first found infested by Brethes. In his monograph of Nectarina, du Buysson (1905a) mentioned expressly that he had not seen a stylopized specimen of that genus; Crawford (Pierce, 1909, p. 23) studied 2500 indivi- duals of Nectarina lecheguana from one nest, without find- ing a single example parasitized ; and we ourselves examined several hundreds of specimens before finding the infested one recorded above. It would seem, therefore, that infested



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19291 Stylopized Vespidz 273
individuals are eventually found in most groups. We hope that the publication of this list will stimulate those in- terested in the taxonomy of the Vespidse to mention the stylopized examples contained in the collections they study. The frequency of stylopization, then, varies from zero in certain groups to as much as 25% in particular collections of Polistes (Wheeler, 1910 ; Schrader, 1924). In our search for stylopized specimens we have kept some count of the frequency of their occurrence in several collections and in different taxonomic groups, and are able to give the follow- ing figures. Unfortunately we did not always make notes upon the frequency, and while the following numbers are proportionate, they do not represent our entire search. Vespidse of 16,932 specimens 157 stylopized, or 0.93% Masaridinse 256
i i
0
it
LL L I
0 %
Raphiglossinse 8
ii
0
it
0 %
Zethinse 158 4 2.53 %
Eumeninse 14,926 64 138
it
0.92 %
Eumenes 1,651
Ì
11
it
0.67 %
Odynerus s. 1. 4,316
6 i
35
it
0.81 %
Monobia 271
n
4
it
1.48 %
Montezumia 152
i i
0
It
ti it
0 %
Synagris 443
i 4
0
It
0 %
Pterochilus 74
Ì
0
n
0 %
Alastor 65
it
0
It
0 %
Polybiinse
623 8
1.28 %
Ropalidiinse 160 i i 2 it 1.25 %
No records were kept of the frequency of stylopized Polistes in collections because much more accurate data based on field counts are available for this genus (see Pierce, 1909, 1911, 1918 ; Schrader, 1924). In the American Museum of Natural History is pre- served a mud nest of Ancistrocerus birenimaculatus, and the twenty-two wasps which emerged from it. Five of these twenty-two wasps, or 22.7 %, are stylopized ; showing that the rate of parasitism in particular nests can be almost as



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274 Psyche [September
high in Ancistrdcerus as it has been reported for particular colonies of Polistes.
THE SEX OF THE HOST
As far as can be judged from our data both sexes of the host are attacked with equal readiness. The following is a summary of the cases in our list in which the sex of the host is known. In giving these and following figures we have not thought it necessary to incorporate the data so admirably summarized by Pierce (1909, 17-23; 1911, 487- 489; 1918, 392-393, 396-397), and have confined ourselves to those in the above list.
Males Females Males Females
Masaridinaa 8 4 Montezumia 0 5
Zethinse 1 4 Polybiinse 4 15
Eumenes 7 8 Ropalidia
1 1
Odynerus s.1.
50 49 Polistes 13 56
Monobia
3 1
Vespa 2 6
Where, as in Polistes and the Polybiinaa, decidedly more female than male hosts are known, this must undoubtedly be attributed to the fact that females of these groups are much more commonly collected.
POSITION OF THE PARASITE IN THE HOST
As would be expected, the parasites extrude in about equal numbers on the two sides of the host. A summary of the cases in our list for which the side is recorded gives 132 on the right and 141 on the left.
A very strong preference is shown for a dorsal position. In our list only ten cases of extrusion between the sternites appear. One of these occurs in Vespa and was recorded by du Buysson. Of the nine cases which we have observed, seven occur in Polistes and two in Pachodynerus. In each of these nine cases the unusual, ventral position is obviously due to crowding, for in four cases the parasite appearing ventrally is one of three in the same host; in two cases one of four; in one case one of five; and in one case, where two



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19291 Stylopized V&p& 275
parasites appear between the sternites, there are seven parasites present in the one wasp.
In an earlier paper (Salt, 1927) it has been shown that in Odynerus (s. I.) the female parasites usually occur under the third abdominal segment of the host and the males be- hind, under the fourth segment; while in Polistes the male parasites usually lie before, under the third and fourth segments, the females behind under the fifth. The same curious difference, together with additional facts, appear from a consideration of the cases recorded in our list; where the parasites are situated as follows : Under abdominal
In Eumenes . .
In Odynerus . .
In Pachodynerus.
In Ancistrocerus
In Monobia . .
In Montezumia .
In Belonogaster .
In Polistes . . .
In Vespa . . .
segment number
. 8 parasites
2 parasites
. 3 parasites
Q parasites
. 8 parasites
9 parasites
. s parasites
Q parasites
. $ parasites
Q parasites
. s parasites
Q parasites
. s parasites
Q parasites
. $ parasites
Q parasites
. 8 parasites
Q parasites
For the Masaridinse, Raphiglossinse, and Zethinse the numbers are too low to be significant, and are not given. The parasites of Eumenes clearly take the same position as those of Odynerus (s. l.), the females preferring a position under the third, the males under the fourth abdominal segment. Our separate notes for Odynerus (s. st.), Pachody- nerus, and Ancistrocerus serve to show that in these genera the parasites act similarly, and that our former treatment



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276 Psyche [September
of them (1927) as a single group, Odynerus s. I., was quite permissible. The numbers for Monobia and Montezumia are again very low but seem to indicate agreement with the condition found in Odynerus. The figures for Belonogaster suggest preference of both sexes for the fourth segment. The parasites of Vespa apparently agree with those of Polistes, the males lying anteriorly to the females. We have, then, the Eumeninse forming one group, Polistes and Vespa another; the difference being clearly shown in the totals, as follows : e
Under abdominal segment number
2 3 4 5 6
Eumeninse . . . 8 parasites - 9
43 13 -
9 parasites
4 59 35 - -
Polistes and Vespa 8 parasites
5 26 30 5 1
9 parasites
- 3 3 18 1
Since, in the Vespidse, the males have seven, the females only six visible abdominal segments, we have examined our records to see whether the sex of the host has any effect on the position of the parasite. Summarizing our records for the two groups shown above, we have the following: Under abdominal segment number 2 3 4 5 6 Eumeninse
males . . . . 8 parasites - 4 2 2 6 -
9 parasites
2 23 12 - -
females . . . . 8 parasites - 5 2 0 7 -
s parasites
2 33 22 - -
Polistes and Vespa
males . . . . 8 parasites 1 5 9 2 1
$ parasites - 2 - 2 1
females . . . . 8 parasites 4 21 21 3 -
9 parasites - 1 3 1 5 -
The 8 and 9 Xenos found under the sixth abdominal segment of a male Polistes could not have extruded under this segment, of course, in a female host. With this excep-



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19291 Stylopized Vespidas 277
tion no tendency for the parasites to move back in male hosts is apparent.
THE SEX OF THE PARASITE
The parasites listed above include 245 males and 206 females, divided as follows :
Parasites of 8 9 Parasites of 8 ?
Masaridinse . . 7 3 Monobia . . . . 3 8
Zethinse . . . . 3 3 Montezumia . . 3 2
Eumenes . . . 6 12 Polybiinse . . . 10 13 Odynerus . . . 32 59 Polistes . . . . 144 61 Pachodynerus . . 11 21 Vespa . . . . 5 8 Ancistrocerus . . 21 16
It will be seen that male parasites are known, and in- deed are common, in all groups; so that no such condition exists in the Vespidse as in the bee genus Halictus where hundreds or even thousands of female parasites are found for each male. The preponderance of male Xenos in Polistes is striking, but except in Odynerus, where an excess of female parasites is indicated, the other numbers are too low to be worthy of discussion.
We have compared the sex of the parasites found in male and female hosts, but as there is no very significant result we do not give the summary in detail. As far as our data go, male and female parasites infest male and female hosts indiscriminately.
NUMBER OF PARASITES PER HOST
There is some difficulty in counting the number of para- sites per host from published records, as it is not always stated definitely whether the host contained one or several parasites, or whether the several parasites mentioned came from one or more hosts. Our summary, therefore, includes only those cases of which we are quite sure, either from a personal examination of the specimen, or from a definite statement in the record. In the following list we give the



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278 Psyche [September
average number of parasites per host, per male host, and per female host.
host male f ernale
host male f emale
Masaridinse 2. 1. 4. Monobia 2.25 2.33 2. Zethinse 1.2 1. 1.25 Montezumia 1.33 ......... 1.33 Eumenes 1.25 1. 1.5 Belonogas-
Odynerus 1.34 1.15 1.52 ter 1.15 1. 1.20 Pachody-
Polistes 1.75 2. 1.68
nerus 2.38 2.5 2.29 Vespa 1 1. 1.
Ancistro-
cerus 1.14 1. 1.3
In most groups, female hosts support a slightly higher average number of parasites than males.
In Pierce's table of maximum
per individual
(1909, p. 26; 1918, p. 397) and in our own notes (1927, p. 189), it is very noticeable that heavily infested Polistes contain largely or exclusively male parasites. Eleven Polistes bearing four or more parasites are mentioned in those tables and four others in the present list; the entire fifteen containing parasites as follows : 1-2 $2 Q , 1-3 $ 1 Q , 1-4 8,
2-5 8 , 1-3 8 3 Q ,
1-6 8, 1-6 8 1 Q , 2-7 $ , 1-8 3 , 1-9 8, 1-10 ,
1-11 8, 1-15 8. There are here included 100 8 and 7 Q . One is led to recall the interesting discovery of Cobb, Steiner, and Christie (1927) who have shown the striking pre- ponderance of male nematodes in heavily infested hosts. In stylopized Eumeninse as well as in infested bees the opposite seems to hold, and in cases of heavy stylopization, female parasites are in the majority.
Our list includes vespid hosts from all the continental areas and many islands, and where records are lacking we must, at the present state of our knowledge, attribute their absence to insufficient collecting or study. Some interesting problems in distribution are furnished by the Strepsiptera. The chance of their establishment in



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19291 Stylopized Vespidas 279
isolated insular regions must be very remote, much more so than that of their host. Yet the first record of an Ody- nerus from Bermuda, the holotype and only known speci- men of Odynerus bermdensis Bequaert, bears a female Strepsipteron. Polistes fuscatus var. aurifer, which was introduced into the Hawaiian Islands fairly recently, through the agency of man, carried its parasite with it. We list above several stylopized specimens from various islands, more or less remote, of the West Indies, the East Indies, and the Canary Islands.
Since the powers of flight of the host are impaired by stylopization, and female hosts are frequently rendered sterile, it is probable that the introduction of Strepsiptera into distant regions is brought about in the triungulinid stage. Several of these minute larvae could cling to the body of a perfectly healthy host without seriously burden- ing it. Brues, indeed, has already reported (1924) the oc- currence of triungulins, presumably of the meloid Horia maculata, on a bee (Xylocopa transitoria) from the Galapa- gos Islands.
It seems to have been generally assumed that Strepsip- tera obtained from different species of hosts are themselves specifically distinct. Pierce (1909, p. 70) stated that as a rule species of Strepsiptera are confined to single species of hosts; and in his classification used tribes as divisions of convenience to unite genera of parasites infesting different families of hosts. Following a decision to unite the vespid groups Leionotus, Ancistrocerus, etc., with Odynerus, the same author (1911, p. 498) combined the genera Leiono- toxenos and Pseudoxenos parasitic on those groups. Many species and several genera in the Strepsiptera are based solely on the unsatisfactory characters of the female to- gether with the name of the host, which latter one some- times feels is the more valuable part of the description. It is not our intention to discuss here the validity of this tacit assumption of host specificity in the Strepsiptera, but some points arising from our redetermination of several



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280 Psyche [September
hosts deserve mention. Our records for Polistes fuscatus var. pallipes, for instance, include hosts reported under the names P. fuscatus, P. metricus, P. instabilis, and P. varia- tus; and parasites described as Xenos peckii, X. bowditchi, X. wheeleri, and X. bruesi. Polistes fuscatus var. rubigi- nosus likewise becomes the host of Xenos nigrescens, X. rubiginosi, X. pecosensis, and X. maximus. The parasites become similarly scattered among the host species. Until this interesting problem has been seriously investigated it should not be assumed that the hosts and their parasites are related, species to species, and genus to genus; and new species described in the Strepsiptera should stand on their own morphological characters, not on the identity of their hosts.
Brhthes, J. 1923 Primera contribucion para el conocimiento de 10s "Strepsiptera" Argentines. Rev. Fac. Agron. La Plata 15 (1) : 41-56, 4 pi.
Brues, C. T. 1903 A contribution to our knowledge of the Stylopidee. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. Anat. 18 (2) : 241-270, 2 pi., 3 fig.
Brues, C. T. 1905 Notes on the life history of the Stylopidse. Biol. Bull. 8 (5) : 290-295, 2 fig.
Brues, C. T. 1924 Triungulin larvae from the Williams Ga- lapagos Expedition. Zoologica 5 (11) : 125-136, 5 fig. du Buysson, R. 1903 Note pour servir a Yhistoire des Strep- sipt6res. Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1903: 174-175. du Buysson, R. 1905 Monographie des guepes ou Vespa (Parts 2 and 3). Ann. Soc. Ent. France 73 : 485-556, 565-634, 11 pi.
du Buysson, R. 1905a Monographie des Vespides du genre Nectarina. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 74: 537-566, 6 pi. du Buysson, R. 1909 Monographie des Vespides du genre Belonogaster. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 78: 199-270, 6 pi.



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19291 Stylopized Vespidse 281
Cobb, N. A., Steiner, G., and Christie, J. R. 1927 When and how does sex arise? The Official Record, U. S. Dept. Agri. 6 (43) : 6.
Dury, Charles 1902 A revised list of the Coleoptera observed near Cincinnati, Ohio, with notes on localities, biblio- graphical references and description of six new species. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 20 (3) : 107-196. von Heyden. C. H. 1836 Proc. Ent. Soc. London 1: lxxiv (1836).
von Heyden, L. 1867 Exotische Xenos-Arten. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. 11 : 398.
Hofeneder, K. 1910 Untersuchungen zur Naturgeschichte des Strepsipteren. Berichte naturw.-med. Verein Inns- bruck 33 : viii+206 pp., 6 pi., 2 fig.
Horne, Charles 1870 Notes on the habits of some hymenop- terous insects from the north-west provinces of India. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 7: 161-196, 4 pi. Kirby, William 1813 Strepsiptera, a new order of insects proposed; and the characters of the order, with those of its genera, laid down. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 11: 86-122, 2 PI.
Pierce, W. Dwight 1909 Monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kir- by. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 66 : xii + 232 pp., 15 pi., 3 fig. Pierce, W. Dwight 1911 Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with description of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40: 487-511.
Pierce, W. Dwight 1918 The comparative morphology of the order Strepsiptera together with records and descrip- tions of insects. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54: 391-501, 15 pi.
Robertson, Charles 1910 Hosts of Strepsiptera. Can. Ent. 42: 323-330.
Rouget, Aug. 1873 Sur les CoEopt6res parasites des Ves- pides. M6m. Acad. Dijon (3) 1 : 161-288.



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282 Psyche September
Salt, George 1927 Notes on the Strepsiptera and their hymen~pte~ous hosts. Psyche 34 (5) : 182-192. Saunders, S. S. 1853 Notices of some new species of strep- sipterous insects from Albania, with further observa- tions on the habits, transformations, and sexual econo- my of these parasites. Trans. Ent. Soc. London (2) 2 (4/5) : 125-144, 2 pi.
Saunders, S. S. 1872 Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsiptero- rum Kirbii constituentium, mihi tamen potius Coleop- terorum Familiae, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinquas, Monographia. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1872: 1-48, 287- 288, 1 pi.
Schrader, Sally Hughes 1924 Reproductionin Acroschismus wheeleri Pierce. Jour. Morph. Physiology 39 (1) : 157-197, 4 PI.
Smith, Frederick 1859 A contribution to the history of Stylops, with an enumeration of such species of exotic Hymenoptera as have been found to be attacked by those parasites. Trans. Ent. Soc. London (2) 5 (3) : 127-133.
Wheeler, W. M. 1910 The effects of parasitic and other kinds of castration in insects. Jour. Exp. Zoology 8 : 377-438, 8 fig.
Zavattari, E. 1909 Di alcune larve di Strepsiptera. I1 Ruwen- zori, Relazioni Scientifiche 1 : 271-273. ANATRICHIS MINUTA DEJ. A single specimen was taken in Framingham, Mass., on May 10, 1908, and no more have been seen until September 15, 1929, when I found 5 speci- mens by treading about in the soft soil in a dried-up pond in Acton, Mass. On September 22, I again visited the place and took four more. They were hiding among the small grass-like plants and prostrate vegetation. There is but one record in the New York list of insects.
C. A. Frost, Framingham, Mass.




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