N. Banks.
A Classification of the Psocidae.
Psyche 36(4):321-325, 1929.

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Classification of the Psocidae
A CLASSIFICATION OF THE PSOCIDX
Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.
For a long time it has been customary to divide the Pso- cidse into two sections according to the number of joints in the tarsi, two or three. By this division certain genera (as Myopsocus and Mesopsocus) were placed with the Trimera, although their venation is practically the same as the typical genus, Psocus, with two-jointed tarsi. The venational pecu- liarity of these higher Psocidse is in a certain form of stigma, as well as in the modification of the cubital fork to form what is called an "areola postica." The three-jointed tarsi is a primitive character, and should not have as much weight as a special'development within the family. I have prepared the fallowing table placing emphasis on this areola postica and the stigma. The number of tarsal joints I would consider as of not more than tribal value; hardly, if any, more valuable than the forked media in hind wing, also a primitive character.
The use of the number of antenna1 joints as a primary character is open to the same objections as that of the num- ber of tarsal joints, with the added force that the groups overlap. The use of the character of anal and axillary vein in forewing being separate throughout or united at the tip transfers the Amphientominse from the other scaly-winged species to the group of the true Psocidae. While there is no doubt that Amphientomum approximates nearer than does any other scaly-winged form, to the true Psocidse, yet the venation (except for this condition in the anal region) is so close to that of other scaly-winged forms, and so different from the true Psocidse that it cannot be neglected with reason. Moreover the head of Amphientomum, as well as



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322 Psyche [December
pronotum, is much more like that of Perientomum than of any of the true Psocidse. The presence of scales is also a character of some value. Moreover the genus Psyllipsocus has the anal and axillary ending together, and this surely is not allied to the true Psocidse.
Perhaps it would be better to consider the scaly-winged species to belong to two families rather than two sub- families, but I think that the differences between them are not as important as between them and the true Psocidse. Indeed I think that they form a tendency to run into the Psyllipsocidse. Embidopsocus I have united with Archip- socus in one family, although it might be better to put each in a family; both are primitive as to the pronotum and some other characters, but have a reduced rather than primitive venation. It is among the scaly-winged species that we find the more primitive forms. On the one side there has been a reduction of pronotum and specialization in venation to the true Psocids, and on the other side a reduction in wing-characters toward the Atropidse.
The old family Psocidse I would consder as a super- family, Psocoidea with the following families, subfamilies and tribes as in the table.
Zorotypus I would also include in the order Corrodentia as the superfamily Zorotypoidea.
I would place Hemipsocus in the Csecili'inse; the venation (outside of the cross-vein) is more that of Csecilius than of Psocus.
Certain Epipsocus show that the separation between the Cseciliinse and Psocinse is not of great moment, and perhaps it would be better to reduce these groups to tribes. Vulturops Towns. will go in the family Psoquillidse,. Heteropsocus is the same as Psoquilla, but the species is distinct. Psocinella and Psocathropos differ in length of hind femora. Notiopsocus and Allopsocus go in the Peri- psocini. Rhyopsocus goes in the Psylloneurk. 1. No wings, or only scale-like wings without definite venation; no oeelli; tarsi three-jointed, antennae 15 or more jointed; pronotum visible above Atropidse Wings with definite venation present 2




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19291 Classification of the Psocidae 323 Forewings with a definite stigma; cubital fork de- veloped into an "areola postica" with a narrowed base, or else no cubital fork; the first fork of median vein never reaches back to near base of stigma; anal and axillary end in one point; wings not scaled; 3 ocelli ; pronotum rarely distinct from above ; antennae 13 jointed; tarsi two- or three-jointed Psocidse No distinct stigma, if one apparent then wing scaled and the first fork of median vein reaches back nearly as far as base of apparent stigma; no areola postica with narrowed base, the cubital fork is a normal fork, usually long; anal and axillary often separate at tip; ocelli present or absent, antennae usually more than 13 jointed; tarsi three-jointed; pronotum often dis- tinct from above 3
3. Wings clothed with scales; both wings present, veins reach to margin Perientomids~
Wings not with scales 4
4. No hind wings, or extremely minute; venation re- duced, some very long bristles; no ocelli; anal and axillary separate, meso- and metathorax separated, pronotum visible from above Psoquillidse Hind wings of fair size; usually ocelli 5 5. Venation complete, that is all main veins reach mar- gin, two or three branches end in costa, pronotum not particularly prominent from above; antennae 20 or more joints Empheridse
Venation reduced, some veins not reaching tip; pronotum very prominent from above; meso-and metanotum separate; antennae 13 to 15 jointed, eyes not hairy Embidopsocidse
TABLES TO SUBFAMILIES AND TRIBES
Claws without tooth ; meso- and metanotum separated ; antennae 22 or more joints, wings absent or scale-like Atro pinas




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324 Psyche [December
Claws with a tooth; meso- and metanotum united, an- tennse 15 jointed; no wings
Troctinz
Pso quillids3
The few genera do not readily separate into groups. Two longitudinal veins unbranched Embidopsocinse Two longitudinal veins branched and connected Archipsocinse
Hind wings with median forked
Empherinas
Hind wings with median simple
Psylloneurh
Anal and axillary end in one point antennae 13 jointed or a few more; no closed cell near middle of fore wing; media of hind wing simple Amphientomins3
Anal and axillary separate at tip; usually a small closed cell near middle of fore-wings; median of, hind wings forked; antennas 20 or more jointed. Perientominse 1. In hind wing median vein forked; wings sometimes ........................................................................... partly netted Calopsoch
Median vein of hind wings simple .............................................. 2 2. Areola postica (sometimes absent) free, or if con- nected to media then its end is as far out as end of stigma
Csecilinse,
Areola postica present and either united at top to media or connected by a cross-vein, and usually end- ing before end of stigma ....................................................................... 3



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19291 Classification of the Psocidae 325 3. Radius (near base of radial fork) connected a second time to the media, thus forming two closed cells near .
middle of wing ...................................................... Thyrosophork Radius connected but once to media, and thus form- ......
ing but one closed cell near middle of wing Psocinse, Hind edge of head sharp; venation partly netted Calopsocini
Hind edge of head rounded; venation not netted Ptiloneurini
1. Stigma veined, no cubital fork .................. Neurostigmini Stigma not veined ....................................................................................... 2 .................................................................. 2. No cubital fork Peripsocini
................................................................................. Cubital fork present 3
. .
............................................................................................... 3. Tarsi 2 J omted 4
.................. Tarsi 3 jointed, head broad at eyes Mesopsocini
4. Hind edge of head rounded ................................. Czcilini ................................................ Hind edge of head sharp
Dypsocini
1. A cross-vein between stigma and radius ...... Stenopsociw .............
................................................................... No such cross-vein .....: 2
. .
2. Tarsi 3 jointed ................................................................... Myopsocini
Tarsi 2 jointed ............................................................................... Psocini
The few genera here do not require tribes.



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