N. W. Gillham.
Incisalia Scudder, a Holarctic Genus Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).
Psyche 62(4):145-151, 1955.

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INCISALZA SCUDDER1, A HOLARCTIC GENUS
(LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE)
Harvard University
Recently I have compared specimens of Ahlbergia fri- valdszkyi (Lederer), the generitype of Ahlbergia, and Zncisalia niphon (Hubner) , the generitype of Zncisdia. The genitalia and external facies of these species indicate that they are congeneric, and examination of other species of Incisalia further supports this conclusion. I therefore propose the following synonymy for the genus Incisalia: Incisaliu Scudder
Incisaliu Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 1871 :31. Generitype : Lycus niphon Hiibner, by original designation.
Thecla, div. auct., nee Fabricius, 1840, in Illiger, Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 6 :286 (generitype PapHio betulae Linnaeus, designation by Swainson, 1821, Zoological Illustrations, (1) 2, pi. 69)) part.
Lycus Hubner, [1819], Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [ !] (generitype Papilio rubi Linnaeus,
designation by
Scudder, 1875, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci., Boston, 10 :210), part.
Licus Hubner, [1819], Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge, 2 :7, no. 102 (generitype Papilio rubi Linnaeus, designation by Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 1871 :52), part.
Satsurna Murray, nee Adams, 1874, Ent. Mon. Mag., 11 :168. Generitype : Lycaena ferrea Butler (=Thecla frivaldszkyi Lederer) , monobasic. New Synonymy.
lscudder is the author of this genus, not Minot; see dos Passos (1943). "Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.




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146 Psyche [December
Ahlberqia Bryk, 1946, Ark. for Zool., 38A (3) :50. Generi- type : Thecla frivaldszkyi Lederer, by original designation. New Synonymy.
Generic Description Based on the Adults
External fades. The ground color above is gray to orange brown in most of the Nearctic species. In the Palearctic species it is blue to iron gray with the excep- tion of chalybea pluto Leech and circe Leech. In chalybea
pluto the ground color is a
deep black and in circe the
distal area is dark while the basal area is dusted with bright metallic blue. The hindwings lack the "tails" char- acteristic of many genera and species of Theclinae, and usually have somewhat scalloped outer margins. The inner margins are often concave above the anal angles, and these are prolonged and bent downward at right angles. The ground color of the underside is a shade of brown, sometimes suffused with gray on the outer half of the hindwing. The eyes are hairy and large.
Male genitalia (figs. 1 and 2). Labides (paired, rounded, hairy, dorsal projections) projecting shortly, but deep dorsoventrally. Fakes (heavily chitinized, paired, sharp, subdorsal structures which, with the paired labides, char- acterize the Lycaenidae) of fairly even width subtermi- nally ; tapering to a point terminally. Saccus short, thick, and without any pronounced angling.
Aedeagus very long
and slender.
Female genitalia (figs. 3 and 4). Ostium flaring into a EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15
Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Incisalia niphon (Hubner) from Waltham, Mass. (30~). A. Ventral view with aedeagus removed and hairs of harpes not shown. B. Inset of a harpe showing hairs. C. Lateral view of aedeagus. Fig. 2. Male genitalia of Incisalia frivaldszkyi (Lederer) from South Korea (30~). A. Ventral view with aedeagus removed and hairs of harpes not shown. B. Lateral view of aedeagus, Fig. 3. Female genitalia of I. niphon (Hubner) from Tyngsboro, Mass., ventral view (9.9~). Fig. 4. Female genitalia of I. frivaldszkyi (Lederer) from Okean- skaja, Ussuri, ventral view (9.9~). All specimens in the collection of the Musuem of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge.



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148 Psyche [December
wide, lipped, transverse band caudally. The ventral lip partially covers the more dorsal band which is sometimes strongly folded along its caudal edge. Ductus bursae rather long, narrow, and even in width.
It is sclerotized
throughout most of its length. Bursa copulatrix elongate, and bearing two signa. Ovipositor lobes narrow and some- what pointed terminally.
Life History
The life histories of most of the North American species are known, but I can find none recorded for the Palearctic species. Because of this I defer inclusion of life history notes in my generic description until this informati,on be- comes available. Descriptions of the early stages of the eastern North American species are available in Klots (1951), and further references may be found in Hy. Edwards (l889), Davenport and Dethier (l938), and Dethier (1946). The f oodplants of the larvae are varied, including conifers (Picea, Juniperus etc.) and flowering plants (Kalmia, Arctostaphylos, Vaccmium, Prunus etc.) . Distribution
In North America this genus ranges from east to west coasts. It is found well north into Canada, whence it ranges south to Florida, Texas, and southern California. In Asia it is found from Siberia, the Amur basin, and Japan south through China to the Khasia Hills of Assam. It ranges westward to the Altai Mountains, and its Asiatic metropolis is central and western China, where the greatest number of species occur.
Synonymy
Prior to the beginning of this century, a large majority of the "hairstreaks" were assigned by most authors to the catchall genus Thecla, even though a number of other generic names were available. In many places, such as South America, this is still the case, and it is only in the last fifty years that some attempt has been made to break the hairstreaks up into more natural groupings. Hubner included Incisalia niphon (Hubner) in his genera Lycus



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19551 Gillham - Incisalia 149
and Licus with one or two unrelated species. Later authors either missed or disregarded this reference, and generally assigned the species of Incisalia to Thecla. In 1872 Scudder erected the genus Incisalia for niphon and its allies, while in 1874 Murray created the genus Satswna for Lycaena ferrea Butler3. Leech was aware of Murray's genus, and towards the end of the 19th Century described several new species as belonging to it. In 1946 Bryk pointed out that Satsuma Murray, 1874, was a homonym of Satsuma Adams (Mollusca), 1868. He therefore proposed the name Ahlbergia to replace Satsuma Murray. My own studies show that frivaldskyi is congeneric with niphon. For this reason I am placing Satsuma and Ahlbergia in the syn- onymy of Incisalia, the senior name.
Synopsis of Species
The following synopsis is based on current American references for Nearctic species and on Seitz (1910) for Palearctic species. No attempt has been made to determine whether or not any of these should be synonymized. Incisalia niphon (Hubner) , [1819], Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge [!I, (5) :74. Type locality and sex not stated.
Incisalia ims (Gmodart) , 1823, in Latreille, Encyclopedic Methodique, Histoire Naturelle Entomologie, etc., 9 :674. Type locality : America ( ?) , male.
Incisalia augustinus (Westwood), 1852, in Doubleday and Westwood, The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, 2:486. Type locality: northern parts of North America. Incisalia iroides (Boisduval) , 1852, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Series 2,10 :289. Type locality : Califaornia, sex not stated. Incisalia eryphon (Boisduval) , 1852, ibid., p. 290. Type locality: California, sex not stated.
"There is some disagreement on the specific distinctness of ferrea from Incisalia frivaldszkyi (Lederer). I have examined the genitalia of Japanese specimens referable to ferrea and Asiatic specimens referable to frivaldszkyi and can find no differences that would warrent keeping them separate as species. Therefore, I regard these names as concerning the same species.




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150 Psyche [December
Zncisalia frivaldszkyi (Lederer) , 1855, Ver. z001.-bot. Ver. Wien, 5 : 100. Type locality : Ust-Buchtarminsk, Altai Mtns., male.
Incisalia henrici (Grote & Robinson), 1867, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1:174. Type locality: Maine tto Philadelphia, Pa., male and female.
Zncisalia fotis (Strecker) , 1877, Lepid,optera, Rhopaloceres & Heteroceres, indigenous & exotic, No. 14929. Type locality : Arizona, sex not stated.
Zncisalia mossii (Hy. Edwards), 1881, Papilio, 1 :54. Type locality : Esquimalt, Vancouver Is., British Cmolumbia, male.
Incisalia chalybea (Leech), 1890, Entomologist, 23 :43. Type locality: Chang-Yang, Central China, male. Zncisalia pratti (Leech), 1890, ibid., p. 44. Type 1,ocality: Ichang, China, male.
Incisalia leechii (de Niceville), 1892, B,ombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 7 :335. Type locality : Khasia Hills, Assam, female. Incisalia dree (Leech), 1893-94, Butterflies from China, Japan & Corea, 2 :354. Type locality : Ta-chien-lu, China, male and female.
Incisalia nicevillei (Leech), 1893-94, ibid., p. 355. Type locality : Chang-Yang, Central China, male and female. Zncisalia polios Cook & Watson, 1907, Can. Ent., 39:202. Type locality : Lakewood, New Jersey, males and females. Incisalia hadros Cook & Watson, 1909, ibid., 41 :181. Type locality: unknown, perhaps Houston, Texas, male and female.
Incisalia lanoraieensis Sheppard, 1934, ibid., 66 :141. Type locality: Lanoraie, Quebec, male and females. Incisalia doudoroffi d'os Passes, 1940, ibid., 72:168. Type locality: Big Sur, Monterey Co., 'California, males and females.




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Gillham - Incisalia
DAVENPORT, D. AND V. G. DETHIER.
1938. Bibliography of the Described Life Histories of the Rhopalocera of America North of Mexico 1889-1937. Entomologica Americana, 17 (new series), no. 4.
DETHIER, V.G.
1946. Supplement to the Bibliography of the Described L<ife-histories of the Rhopalocera of American North of Mexico. Psyche, 53, nos. 1 & 2.
DOS PASSOS, C. F.
1943. Some New Subspecies of Incisalia from North America (Lepi- doptera, Lycaenidae) . Amer. Mus, Novitates, No. 1230. EDWARDS, HY.
1889. Bibliographical Catalog of the Described Transformations of North American Lepidoptera. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 35. KLOTS, A. B.
1951. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 349 pp. SEITZ, A.
1910. In Seitz, A., The Macrolepidoptera of the World, 1 :263-264.



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