W. L. Brown, Jr.
The Neotropical Species of the Ant Genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Synopsis and Keys to the Species.
Psyche 69(4):238-267, 1962.

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THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE ANT GENUS STRUMIGENYS FR. SMITH : SYNOPSIS AND KEYS TO THE SPECIES1
BY WILLIAM L. BROWN, JR.
Department of Entomology, Cornell University Introduction
The New World Strumigenys have been revised through a series of twelve papers bearing the general foretitle, "The Neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith," plus several articles by Dr. W. W. Kempf and by myself, beginning with my "Preliminary generic revision of the higher Dacetini" (Brown, 1948). It now seems appro- priate to offer 3 unifying synopsis of the New JVorld species of the genus, along with keys for identification and some general remarks. Species Synopsis of New World Strwnigenys .7
1 he synopsis below includes the names, each with author and date of publication, plus citation of the principal references in the Brown or Kempf papers already mentioned, which are listed in the section of "References" at the end of this article. These papers contain refer-
ences to original descriptive and distributional material for each species, but I have included in the synopsis new or supplen~entarl~ information wherever it seemed useful to do so. The species are listed by groups in order of apparent relationship, as closely as it is possible to place them in a purely linear order. The probable relationships within the genus in the New World are discussed at the end of the synopsis. It will be coticed that the group placement of some species differs from that of the previous parts published. The present grouping represents a reconsideration of all of the New World species taken together. Group of ?nundibuZaris
I. Strumigenys mundibularis Fr. Smith, 1860 Brown, 1953b: 53-55, worker, synonymy.
Frederick Smith confused two species under this name; one of these was later described as S. @ros$iciens by Emery. In order to fix these names unambiguously according to present usage, I hereby designate as lectotype of S. mandibuZuris the worker in the British Museum (Natural History), which was called "holotype" in my 1953 paper. 'Published with the aid of a grant from the Grace Griswold Fund of the Department of Entomology, Cornell University. Munuscript receiwed by the editor .iunuury 25,1962.



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19621 Brown - Strumigenys 239
Although this specimen is labeled as "type," Smith never designated a type in print, and at least some of his original specimens exist else- where (eg., in the Munich Museum).
Distribution : Amazon Basin ; known only from the type series. Synonym : S. batesi Forel.
2. Strumigcnys godmani Forel, 1899
Brown, l9S3b : 55-56) worker) female, variation. Biology: Lives in wet forest. The nest I found in Panama was in a small rotten log in cloud forest.
New records: Panama: Progreso, Chiriqui Prov. (F. &I. Gaige leg.) ; Cerro Campana) about 950 m altitude) Panami Prov. (JV. L. Brown, Jr. leg.).
Distribution : Costa Rica) Panama, British Guiana. Synonym : S. ferox Weber.
I
i
3. Sfrumigenys planeti Brown, 1953
Brown, 1953b: 57-59, worker, female, variation) distribution. Biology: Apparently a rain forest species. Weber (1952) reports a nest taken in a wet mossy log in a cacao plantation on Trinidad. New record : Peru : Monson Valley, Tingo Maria, winged female. (E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross leg.) .
Distribution : Trinidad, Amazon Basin to Bolivia and Peru. 4.
Strumigenys smithii Forel, I 886
Brown) 1953c: 104-107, worker, variation, distribution, biology. Biology: Nests in rotten logs, rotten twigs or, on St. Vincent) sare- ly in sod. Primarily a forest species.
New records: Colombia: Loma Larga, Sierra Santa Marta (F. M. Gaige leg.).
Panama : Cerro Campana, 800 ni, Province of Panam; (G. I3. Fairchild and W. L. Brown) Jr. leg.). Distribution: Costa Rica south to Santa Catasina, Brazil, atld Amazonian Bolivia; St. Vincent) B. W. I. Synonym : S. smithi var. inaequdis Emery. 5.
Strumigen~s hemdisca Brown) 1953 (Fig. 22) Brown, 1953c: 107-108, worker.
Biology: The type series came from orchid plants intercepted in U. S. plant quarantine, and so were probably nesting amid the epiphy- tes in trees.
Distribution : Venezuela; known only from the type series, 6.
Strumigenys prospiciens Emery, I 906
Brown, 1953c: 108-110, worker, female) distribution,



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240 Psyche
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Distribution: Amazon Basin south to Bolivia and to northern Argentina : Misiones.
7,
Strumigenys biolleyi Forel, 1908 (Fig. 28) Browfi, 1953c: 101-104, worker female, variation, distribution. Biology : A forest species, nesting mainly in rotten logs. New records : Ecuador : 10 miles north of Manglar Alto, Guaymas (E. I. Schlinges and E. S. Ross leg.). Panama: Cerro Campa,na, Panadi Prov., 800 m altitude (JV. L. Brown, Ji-. leg.). Distribution: Southern Mexico (Chiapas) south tluough Central America to Ecuador.
Synonyms: S. tridens Weber, S. luctuosa Menozzi. 8.
Strumige~nys saliens Mays, I 887
Brown, 1954b: 55-57, worker, female, distribution, biology. Biology: Nests in rotten logs and branches lying on the floor of foi-est.
Distribution: Southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina: Misiones.
Synoriy~ns : 8. saliem var. procera Emery and vai-. angustice$s Forel. ge
Strumigenys borgmeieri Brown, I 954
Brown, 1954b: 57-59, worker.
Distribution : Bi-azil : Pernambuco ; known only from the holotype. I 0. Strunzigenys trinidadensis Wheelel-, I 922 (Figs. I 4, 23 ) Brown, 1954b : 59-62, worker, male, distribution. New record : Esmeralda, Ecuador (J. Foerstei- leg.). Distribution : Tsinidad, northeastern Brazil, Ecuador, Amazonian Bolivia; probably widespread in the interior of South Anlei-ica. I I. Strunzigenys sanctipauli Icempf, 1958 (Fig. 24) Kempf, 1958b : 556-559, figs. 1-4, worker. Distribution: Brazil: Sersa do blar, SZo Paulo State; known only from the holotype.
12. Strunzigenys subZonga Brown, 1958
Brown, 1958a: 221-222, fig. lC, D, worker, female. Distribution : Bolivia : Lower Rio Madidi ; known only from type series.
13. Strumigenys rehi Forel, 1907
Brown, 1958a: 222-223, worker.
Biology: This species was taken from orchid plants arriving at Hamburg, Germany, a circumstance agreeing with the large eyes of the worker to indicate an arboreal habitat,



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19 621 Brown - Strumigenys
Distribution : Amazon Basin ; exact type locality unknown. 14. Strumigenys cordovensis Mayr, 1887 (Figs. 25) 26,27) Brown, 1958a: 218-220, fig. lB, E, F, G, worker, variation, distribution. Disti-ibution : Soutl~ei-n Mexico to Trinidad and the Guianas. I 5. Stru7nigenj1s nzokensis Forel, I 905 Brown, 1958a: 221, raised from variety to provisional species rank. This is a very doubtful form, most likely a synonym of cordovensis- The wl~ereabouts of the type is unknown. The species is not included in the key.
Distribution : La Moka) Venezuela, type locality. I 6. S~runzigenys dolichopatha TVebei-, I 934 Brown, 1958a: 223-224, fig* lA, worker.
Distribut!on:
Bi-itis!] Guiana: Kartabo; known only from the type Group of cultriger
17. Strzmzigenys cultriyer Mayr, 1887 (Fig. 9) Brown, 1957 : 97-99, worker.
New record : Xaxim, Santa Catasina (F. Plaumann leg.). Distribution : Southeastern Brazil.
I 8. Stvumigmys deltisquanza Bi-own, I 957 Brown, 1957: 99-101, fig. la; b, worker. Distribution : Pana~na Canal Zore : Bari-o Colorado Island ; known from types only.
GsouP of tococae
I 9. Stru~~zigenys tococm Wheelel-, I 929 Brown, 1957: 101-102, fig. lc, worker.
Biology : The types were taken from an abundant population inhab- iting the foliar sacs of Tococa formicaria, a tall myrmecophytic shrub, in the outskirts of B~lh.
Fi-om this circumstance and the large size of the eyes) S. tocome is judged to be an asboreal or subarboreal special- ist.
Distribution : Belh, Brazil, at the mouth of the Amazon ; known only from the type seris.
20. Strurnigenys fairchildi Brown, I 961 Brown, 1961 : 60-61, worker.
This species, described from a single worker, is very close to S. tococae, but differs markedly in gastric sculpture and pilosity. It is



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242 Psyche [December
not known whether 8. fuirchildi lives in plant cavities, but it does seem likely that it is a subarboreal forager. Distribution: Panama: Cerro Campana) Panami Province ca. 800 m altitude; known only from the hoIotype. Figure 1. Strumigenys ludia, worker from Veracruz, dorsal full-face view of head showing fringing pilosity only.
Group of Zudia
2 I. Strumigenys Zongispinosa Brown) 1958 Brown, 1958b: 123-126, figs. 1, 2, worker. Biology : Nests in the soil of tropical forest. Distribution : Panama.
22. Strumigenys marginiventris Santschi, 193 I Brown, 1958b: 126-128, fig. 3, worker, female. Biology: Nests in the soil, often in paths or other other openings, in rain forest or plantations, and the workers forage o~er the open grou,nd among leaves or herbs by day as well as night. Common on
Barro Colorado Island.
New records: Palmar, Puntarenas Dept., Costa Rica) in soil of banana p1antation) several collections (E. 0. Wilson leg.). Distribution : Golfo Dolce region of Costa Rica to northern Colom- bia.
23, Strurnigmys Zudia Mann, 1922 (Figs. I) 5) Brown, 1954a: 194-196, worker, female.
Biology: 8. ludk has been investigated at length in the field by



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19621 Brown - Strumigenys 243
Wilson and in the artificial nest by Wilson and Brown, and the details will be published elsewhere. 8. India is a forest species and' usually nests in rotten branches or twigs lying on the forest floor. The food is chiefly entomobryoid Collembola caught alive in the manner usual for the genus.
New records : Mexico : Ridge between Antiguo Morelos and Nue- vo Morelos (E. S. Ross leg.). Pueblo Nuevo, near Tetzonapa, Vera- cruz (E. 0. Wilson leg.). Costa Rica: Abaca Plantation, Bataan (C. H. Batchelder).
Distribution : Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. Synonym : S. ludia subsp. tennis Weber.
Group of hindenburgi
24. Strurnigenys hindenburgi Forel, 191 5 (Fig. 8) Brown, 1961 : 61-64, worker, pseudogyne, distribution. Distribution : Northern Argentina extending into southeastern Bra- zil.
25. Strumigenys lanuginosa Wheeler, I 905 ( Fig. 4) Brown, 1961: 61-63, worker, female, distribution. Distribution: Southern Mexico, Panama; Bahamas, where prob- ably introduced.
26. Strumigenys ogloblini Santschi, 1936 Brown, 1958c: 136-137, fig. lb, worker, female. Distribution: Northern Argentina, probably also in southern Brazil.
Group of elongata
27. Strumigenys precava Brown, I 954 (Fig. 7) Brown, 1954a: 196-200, worker, female.
Biology: I found this species rather common on Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone, nesting in red- or chocolate-rotten logs. One nest found was very large, containing several hundred - perhaps a thousand or more - workers. Workers were seen carrying a mycetophilid larva and a termite nymph into this nest as it was being opened, and a captive colony fed on a wide variety of small arthropods, including entomobryoid colIernbolans.
New record :
Panama : Cerro Campana, Panama Province, about 800 m altitude, in a small rotten log in a cloud forest ravine, with winged females, Jan. 16, 1960 (G. B. Fairchild and W. L. Brown, Jr. leg.).




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Figures 2-6. Strunzigenys spp., workers. Figure 2, 8. lacacoca, paratype,
dorsal full-face view of head, showing fringing pilosity only. Figure 3, S. nevermanni, same. Figure 4, S. lanuginosa, same. Figure 5. S. India, Vera- cruz, side view of posterior alitrunk, nodes and anterior part of gaster, Figure 6, S. lacacoca, paratype, same. Roughly to same scale.



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19621 Brown - Strumigenys 245
Distribution : Panama, British Guiana, Amazonian Bolivia ; prob- ably widespread in hylaean South America. 28. Strunzigenys elongata Roger, I 863
Brown, 1954a: 189-192, worker, female, male, variation, synonymy, distribu- tion, biology.
Biology: This species is definitely a collembolan feeder, common in the leaf litter of tropical forest.
It seems to tolerate drier as well as
wet forest types.
New records: Mexico: Pueblo Nuevo and El Palmar, near Tet- zonapa, Veracruz (E. 0. Wilson leg.). Ocosingo Valley, Chiapas (C. and M. Goodnight and L. Stannard leg.).
Distribution : Southern Mexico to Bolivia and southeastern Brazil. Synonyms: S. imitator Mayr, S. elongata subsp. nicaraguensis Weber.
29. Strumigenys consanii Brown, 1954
Brown, l954a : 192-194, worker.
A larger, more robust relative of elongata with smooth and shining postpetiolas disc.
Distribution : Costa Rica : La Palma, near San Jose, I 500 m alti- tude; known only from the type series.
Group of emeryi
30. Strumigenys emeryi Mann, 1922
Brown, 1959a: 97-99, worker, variation, distribution. Distribution : Honduras, southern Mexico. 3 I. Strumigenys boneti Brown, I 959 (Fig. I 2) Brown, 1959a: 103-104, worker.
Distribution : Southern Mexico.
32. Strumigenys nevernza~nni Brown, I 959 (Fig. 3 ) Brown, 1959a : 99-100, worker, female.
Distribution: Costa Rica: Hondura, 1050 m altitude; known only from types.
33. Strumigenys micretes Brown, 1959 (Figs. 13, 19) Brown, 1959a : 100-101, worker. Brown, 196 : 58-60, variation, distribution. As mentioned in the note in couplet 21 of the key (below), this species and S. lacacoca may actually represent different populations of the same species.
Biology : A species of rain forest and cloud forest. 34. Strumigenys lacacoca Brown, 1959 (Fig?. 2,6)



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246 Psyche
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Brown, 1959a: 101-102, worker. Brown, 196: 58-60, worker variation, distri- bution.
Distribution : Central Panama.
Group of silvestrii
35. Strumigenys silvestrn Emery, 1905 (Fig. 18) Brown, 1959c: 25-28, fig. 1, worker, female, synonymy, variation, distribution. Distribution : Northern Argentina, southern Brazil ; also in Cuba and Louisiana, U. S. A., where probably introduced by commerce. Synonym : S. caribbea Weber.
36. Strumigenys carinithorax Borgmeier, 1934 Brown, 1959c: 29-30, worker, female, male. Distribution : Dutch Guiana : vicinity of Paramaribo. 37. Strumigenys schmalzi Emery, 1905
Brown, 1959c: 28-29, worker,
Distribution : Southeastern Brazil.
38. Strumigenys perparva Brown, 1958
Brown, 1958c: 133-135, fig. la, worker, female. Distribution: Trinidad and the Guianas to Sab Paulo; probably interior Brazil.
Group of louisianae
39. Strumige'nys mixta Brown, 1953 (Figs. I 5, 2 I) Brown, 1953a : 4-5, worker.
Biology: One of the two original series was taken in orchid plants at quarantine, so the species may be arboreal or subarboreal. Distribution : Guatemala ; known only from the types (two locali- ties).
40. Strumigenys louisianae Roger, I 863
Brown, 1953a: 2-3, description of synonymous 8. clasmospongia, worker. Brown, 1953d: 28-31, figs. 1 3, worker, variation, synonymy, distribution. Brown, 196 1 : 64-68, geographical variation, synonymy. Biology: The feeding habits of this species have been studied in some detail by Wilson ( 1950, 1954) and by myself. The food con- sists of a variety of small arthropods found in and on the soil cover and caught by the workers with their trap-like jaws. The preferred prey are entomobryoid and symphypleonan Collembola; poduroid collembolans are not taken.
Distribution: Widespread in the Americas from Virginia and Tennessee south at least to the Tucumin area of Argentina; north-



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19621 Brown - Strumigenys 247
ward in Mexico to sheltered canyons and cultivated areas of southern Arizona ; greater Antilles (except Jamaica). Unaccountably absent from certain well-collected areas within this range, such as parts of the Canal Zone, Trinidad and British Guiana, although plentiful in Costa Rica and at least some localities in Colombia. This species tolerates much drier conditions and will live in plantations and other cultivated situations, so perhaps it is found mostly in habitats outside the primary forest in the central parts of its range. Its range and ecological ampli- tude are greater than those of any other New World Strumigenys. Synonyms: S. unidentata Mayr, S. unispinulosa Emery, S. uni- spinulosa var. longicornis Emery, S. fusca Emery, S. louisianae var. obscuriventris Wheeler, S. bruchi Forel, S. infidelis Santschi, S. eggersi par. cubaensis Mann, S. louisianae subspp. laticephala M. R. Smith, soledadensis Weber, guatemalensis Weber, and costaricensis Weber, S. clasmospongia Brown. The long list of synonyms reflects in part the rather extreme variation shown by this species on the South Ameri- can continent. More peripheral populations (North and Central America, West Indies, Argentina) tend to be more uniform both within 2nd among themselves.
41. Strumigenys products Brown, 1953
Brown, 1953a: 3-4, worker.
This species is a larger, long-mandibulate version of S. louisianae. In view of the extensive variation now known for the latter species in South America, it would not be surprising to find that S. producta is just an extreme local variant of S. louisianae. Distribution: Basin of the Rio Beni, Bolivia; known only from the types.
Group of connectens
42. Strumigenys connectens Kempf, 1958 (Fig. I I ) Kempf, 1958a: 59-64, figs. 1-3, worker, variation. Biology: The paratype series was taken in orchid plants in U. S. quarantine, so the species is presumably arboreal. Distribution : The species is known from two localities, both in Colombia.
43. Strumigenys laevipleura Kempf, I 958 Kempf, 1958a: 64-65, figs. 5-7, worker,
Biology: Like S. connectens, this species was also taken from an orchid shipment, and it may therefore be arboreal in habits. Distribution: Known only from the type series from Colombia, apparently from the vicinity of Medellin.



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248 Psyche
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44. Strumigenys xenognatha Kempf, 1958
Kempf, 1958a: 65-66, fig. 4, female.
Biology: The holotype female, a unique, was taken from orchid plants and bears the same data as the S. laevipleura types, from which it differs too widely to be their queen. Perhaps it is a social parasite of S. laevipleura.
Distribution : Colombia.
Group of gundlachi
45. Strunzigenys subedentata Mays, I 887 Brown, 1960: 48-50, figs. 7, 9, worker, female, male, variation, distribution, biology.
Biology: This species nests in small colonies in the soil or soil cover in mesic tropical forest and feeds chiefly on entomobryoid Collembola. Distribution : Southern Mexico south to southeastern Brazil ; Trin- idad ; probably widespread in interior South America. Synonyms : S. tristani Menozzi, S. clavata Weber. Figures 7-8. Strumigenys spp., workers, dorsal full-face view of head. Figure 7, 8. precava from Panama Canal Zone, showing fringing pilosity only.
Figure 8, S. hindenburgi from Tucumin, Argentina. Not to same scale. 46. Strumigenys trieces Brown, I 960
Brown, 1960: 50-51, fig. 8, worker.
Distribution: Costa Rica; known only from the holotype.



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19 621 Brown - Strumigenys 249
47. Strmigenys denticulata Mays, I 887
Brown, 1960: 47-48, fig. 3, worker, female. Biology: Occurs in both primary and second-growth forest, in leaf litter; epiphytes and in termite nests.
Distribution: Trinidad and the Guianas south to southeastern Brazil ; probably occurs widely in interior South America as well. 48. Strumigenys jamaicensis Brown, 1959
Brown, 1959b: 6, worker. Brown, 1960: 45-46, fig. 4, worker. Distribution : Mountains of Jamaica.
49. Strumigenys gundlachi (Roger, 1862)
Brown, 1960: 40-45, figs. 1, 5, worker, female, synonymy, distribution, biology. In addition to the characters cited in the key, it may be mentioned that fully-colored S. gunLdlachi workers and females are usually darker in color (brownish-red to dark brown) than are those of S. eggersi ( ferruginous yellow).
Biology: S. gundlachi feeds chiefly if not entirely on entomobryoid and sminthuroid Collen~bola, which it catches by employing a rela- tively inactive "ambush" type of hunting, but if the prey struggles after being struck, it may be lifted off the ground and stung in! the manner of other Strumigenys. In many parts of the Caribbean coun- tries, this is a very abundant ant in the leaf litter of tropical forest, thickets and plantations, and it tolerates a wide variety of ecological conditions.
Distribution : Central America and southern Mexico, southern Florida, West Indies to Trinidad.
Synonyms: S. eggersi varieties vincentensis Forel, banillensis Sant- schi, isthmica Santschi and berlesei Weber; S. eggersi subsp. infuscara Weber, and S. bierigi Santschi.
50. Strumigenys eggersi Emery, 1890 (Figs. 10, 20) Brown, 1960: 46-47, figs. 2, 6, worker, female, variation, distribution, biology. Biology: Found in forests, thickets, gardens, etc. Almost certainly a collembolan feeder.
Distribution: Trinidad and the Guianas to southeastern Brazil and Amazonian Bolivia. Widespread (possibly by recent introduction) in the West Indies ; southern Florida ; southern Mexico. Group of rogeri
5 I. Strumigenys rogeri Emery, I 890 (Figs. I 6, I 7, 29) Brown,
1954, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 112: 20-23, worker, female, feeding habits.
Although S. rogeri was first described from West Indian material, 1



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250 Psyche
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showed in 1954 that it is a tramp belonging to a characteristically African species-group, and itself probably West African in origin. Distribution : Widespread in the West Indies, from Cuba to Trini- dad; British Guiana; West Africa; Hawaii, Tahiti, Fiji, Micronesia; greenhouses in England and Scotland ; apparently spreading rapidly through commerce.
Synonyms : S. incisa Godfrey, S. yulfurea Santschi. Phylogeny of the New World Strumigenys
I belong to the school that believes that since Darwin phylogenetic reasoning is inseparably a part of the taxonomic ordering of any group. The work of the more outspoken "aphyletic taxonomists" shows that they have not escaped the influence of evolutionary thinking, either, when it comes to revising a species-group or genus 01- family. Phylo- genetic thinking is usually more or less implicit in the grouping of species, as I have grouped the New World species (above). In Figure 30 I have shown my best guess as to how the species groups are related one to the others. This diagram should not be taken too seriously, because Strumigenys species are very likely to be convergent from different groups, and the convergence may be very close and may involve several to many characters.
The most serious problem in Strumigenys is the question of direction of evolution ; in other words, which species or groups are primitive, and which derived? One can look to the other two faunas of the genus ( Ethiopian-Malagasy and Indo-Australian) , but these give little help at present. I used to think, for no very good reason, I suppose, that certain species with large, ruggedly modelled heads and heavy, more or less closely approximate mandibles [chyzeri group of Melanesia, Figures 9-29. Strumigenys spp., workers. Figures 9-12 and 14-16 show left mandibles in dorsal view; Figure 13 is a dorsal enlarged view of the apices of both mandibles.
Figure 9, S. cultriger.
Figure 10, S. eggersi, Figure 11, S.
connectens, paratype. Figure 12, S. boneti, paratype. Figure 13, S. sp. near
micretes from Boquete, Panama - one of several variants from this locality. Figure 14, S. trinidadensis. Figure 15, S. mixta, paratype. Figure 16, S. rogeri. Figures 17-21 are end-on views of the apical fork of the mandibles, much enlarged. Figure 17, S. rogeri. Figure 18, S. silvestrii. Figure 19, S. micretes, paratype. Figure 20, 5. eggersi. Figure 21, S. mixta, paratype. Figures 22-28, lateral view of propodeal lamella. Figure 22, S. hemidisca, holotype. Figure 23, S. trinidadensis, paratype. Figure 24, S. sanctipauli, holotype after Kempf. Figure 25, S. cordovensis. Figures 26, 27, same, showing extremes of variation in different individuals; the pattern of Figure 27 is common in southern Mexico. Figure 28, S. biolleyi. Figure 29, S. rogeri, left side of head near eye as seen from dorsal full-face view, to show "detached" eye.



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252 Psyche [December
qrandidieri Fore1 of Madagascar, precava of the present study (Fig. 7)], were primitive types within the genus, but now it seems to me that the opposite is true. S. loriae Emery (of the chyzeri group) and S. precava are viewed as derivative species with secondarily broadened prey specificity, and it is predicted that S. grandidieri will also event- ually be found to feed on a wide range of small arthropods instead of the usual Strumigenys diet consisting mainly of collembolans. The powerful head and mandibles of these species are probably an adapta- tion to prey less fragile than Collembola. Mandibular armament is probably the best character to use for determining direction of descent within Strumigenys. More primitive dacetine genera (Acanthognathus, Orectoqnathus, Microdaceton) have stru~nigenite mandibles with three long teeth in the apical fork; often the most dorsal of the three is also displaced slightly basad. In cases where such displacement has taken place, we have what in the genus Strumigenys would be called an apical fork (with two teeth) plus a preapical tooth. This is the condition found, with greater or lesser modification, in most Indo-Australian members of the genus as well as several New World species. In the African group, the species judged to be the more primitive ones have two preapical teeth, and derivative species mostly are smaller in size and tend to lose one or both distal preapical teeth. Quite a few of the New World forms, most notably those of the mandihularis group, have two well-developed preapical teeth on each mandible. In other New World forms, chiefly among smaller species, one or both of these teeth are present in greatly reduced form - in fact, in form so greatly reduced as to suggest that they serve no present function in holding struggling prey. It seems more likely to me that such feeble denticles represent vestiges of larger, functional teeth rather than the reverse, especially since "0 many of the species, and particularly the smaller species, have them. From this hint (which is no more than that), I take it that in the New World fauna of Strumigenys the mandibularis groups two large pre- apical teeth represent the primitive condition. The extensive radiation of undoubted mandibularis group species also speaks for a relatively long-term existence of this armament pattern. I have accordingly placed the mandibularis group at the base of my phyletic scheme (Fig. 30), despite the very good possibility that the earliest Stnnnigenys on a world basis may have had but a single preapical tooth. The mandibularis group shows what appears to be a clear double morphocline. Beginning with a more "normal" or "average" species such as S. smithii, a string of species of increasing size and develop- ment (width) of occipital lohes, concurrent with a shortening and



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19621 Brown - Strumigenys 253
thickening of the mandibles, leads through S. planeti and S. godmani to S. mandibularis. In the other direction, we find a trend toward lengthening of the mandibles through the series S. biolleyi, S. saliens, S. sanctipauli and so on to the species near S. cordovensis, climaxed by the remarkable S. dolichognatha, the mandibles of which are relatively longer than in any other ant known to me. Side offshoots of the
mandibularis group are species such as S. borgmeieri and S. trinidaden- sis; the greatly weakened proximal preapical tooth of the last species shows the first stages of a trend that apparently led to groups such as the hindenburgi and emeryi assemblages, and beyond these to the elongata and silvestrii groups respectively. Species such as S. perpama and S. ogloblini, both of which have a single preapical tooth on each mandible, were previously grouped together, but now I think it more likely that their similarities are due to convergence. Such highly reduced species are doubtfully placed at best. The emeryi group, especially S. emeryi itself, is linked to the louisi- anae group by the virtually perfect intermediate S. mixta. The louisi- anae group leads to the connectens group and through this to the gundlachi group. These last three groups all have two (or rarely more) intercalary denticles between the main teeth of the apical fork. The genus Neostruma represents a further development of the louisi- anae group- connectens group* gundlachi group trend or morpho- cline.
The three remaining species groups, all small, appear to be derivable directly from the nzandibularis group: the tococae group by addition of a second intercalary denticle in the apical fork, the cultriger group by development of a mandibular lamella, and the ludia group by the serial loss of mandibular teeth.
Identification of Species
This section is intended to ~rovide materials with which any compe- tent entomologist can hope to identify quickly and surely the Strumi- genys species at present known from the New World. Of course, there are certainly species remaining to be discovered in this hemi- sphere, but I believe that we now know all or nearly all of the species that are both widespread and reasonably common, and many of the rare o1- local species as well.
Before discussing the species, though, it is necessary that we charac- terize the genus Strzmigenys well enough to recognize it in this hemi- sphere. It will be enough to say that any New World ant with the following; combination of characters is a Strumigenys: Worker and



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254 Psyche [December
female - Exactly 6 antenna1 segments, of which the third and fourth are very short and the first (scape) and sixth (apical) are very long (Figs. 1-4) ; mandibles long and linear, straight or bowed, more than 1/3 as long as the head proper, with an apical fork of two prominent teeth, other teeth absent to few, usually separated (Figs. 1-4. 7-16) ; occiput with a deep median posterior excision between two broad, rounded lobes, head in front distinctly narrowed (Figs. 1-4) ; spongi- form appendages, or at least their vestiges, present on petiole and postpetiole (Figs. 5, 6) ; head and often most of alitrunk reticulate- punctulate and opaque, rarely with superimposed rugulation. Males are not dealt with here, since few of them are known, and they cannot be separated as a group from a number of other dacetine genera. Aleasurements, and the proportions derived from them, are very important in dacetine taxonomy, so it is necessary to measure with a high degree of accuracy. Measurements should be made to the nearest hundredth of a millimeter at least. A stereomicroscope magnifying at least 9oX is required, plus a carefully calibrated reticule of the ocular squared disc type having finer subdivisions in one or more of the squares. The art of measuring dacetines is discussed at length else- where (Brown, 1953d: 7-15), so I shall repeat here just the essentials for use with this paper.
Head length (HL), maximum measureable length of head proper as seen from dorsal full-face view, including all of clypeus and occipi- tal lobes.
Head width (HW) is the maximum width of the cranium measured in the same view as for HL.
Mandible length (ML) , exposed length of mandibles, including apical teeth, measured in same view from which HL is obtained. Weber's length (WL), oblique length of alitrunk from side view, measuring from base of anterior pronotal declivity to metasternal extremity.
Total length (TL) of the body is the summed lengths of ML, HL, WL plus the axial lengths of petiole, postpetiole and gaster measured separately.
Cephalic index (CI), head width expressed as a percentage of head length, or HW/HL X 100.
Mandibulo-cephalic index ( MI), ML/HL X I 00. In addition to the dichotomous key to the species, I have constructed a table giving known ranges of values for the seven quantitative characters most used in species-level taxonomy of the genus. This table may be used either as a primary key or as a check on the deter- minations made with the dichotomous key. Number of individuals



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19621 Brown -- Strumigenys 255
Figure 30. Diagram to illustrate the possible phyletic relationships among the species-groups of New World Strumigenys, based upon the hypothesis that the group of 8. mandibularis represents the primitive stock in this hemisphere. S. rogwi, being African in origin, does not figure in this scheme.



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256 Psyche [December
and localities on which the measurements were based are given under 'Sample" so that the user can judge crudely how nearly the natural variance may be represented by the range of values given. Following the dichotomous key is a glossary of the most important morphological terms used in species identification. Table of the most valuable quantitative characters of the Strunzigenys species of the New World
The table is arranged in order of size as based chiefly on head length. The measurements (in hundredths of millimeters) HL (head length), ML (mandibular length) and WL (Weber's diagonal length of alitrunk), as well as the proportions CI (cephalic index) and MI (mandibulo-cephalic index), are explained in the preceding section. ID indicates the number of small teeth or denticles lying between the two main teeth of the apical fork of the mandible, and PT is the number of teeth along the inner margin of the mandible proximad of the dorsal apical tooth (not counting the basal lamella, which is usual- ly hidden beneath the clypeal margin) ; these pseapical teeth may be large and spiniform or may be reduced to exceedingly minute denticles. The sample indicates the number of specimens measured and, follow- ing a dash, the number of separate localities represented by the speci- mens,
Species HL
mandibularis 131
godmani 106-120
sanctipauli 98
f airchildi 96
precava 87-101
sp. nr. micretes 86-90
saliens
dolichognatha
cultriger
planeti
fococae
trinidadensis
longispinosa
cordovcnsis
frospiciens
sublonga
rehi
borgmeieri
lacacoca
PT Sample
2 1
2 8-2
2 1
2 1
1 92-7
0-2 25-1
1 38-9
2 6-1
2 1
2 39-5
2 8-1
2 12-6
1 2-1
2 40-8
2 8-3
2 7-1
2 1
2 1
0-1 8-2




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smithii
biolleyi
India
deltisquama
xenognatha $
connectens
nevermanni
emeryi
elongata
ogloblini
louisianae
mixta
jamaicensis
boneti
subedentata
denticulata
gundlachi
silvestrii
eggersi
Brown - Strumigenys
Dichotomous key to the known species of Strumigenys occurring in the New World, based chiefly on the worker caste, but applying to the females of most species as well
I. Apical fork of mandible without distinct i,ntercalary teeth or denticles (Fig. 17) ........................................................... 2. Apical fork of mandible with a single intercalary tooth or denti- cle, either separate or occurring as a spur on the inner side of the ventral tooth (Figs. 18, 19) ........................................................ 9. Apical fork of mandible with 2 (rarely 3-4) intercalary denticles ( Figs. 20, 2 I ) ............................................................................ 3 8. 2. Mandible without preapical teeth or denticles (Fig. I) ............ 3. Mandible with I or 2 preapical teeth and/or denticles (Fig. 16)



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258 Psyche
[December
Postpetiole large and convex) its dorsun~ smooth and shining; ............
larger, more robust species (Costa Rica) consanii Brown
Postpetiole small) its dorsum densely punctulate and opaque; smaller, more slender species (s. Mexico to se. Brazil and Bolivia) elongata Roger
................................................................................ First segment of gaster margined for its full length on each side by a strong, raised dorsolateral carina (Costa Rica to Colombia) marginiventris Santschi
.................................................................... First gastric sebment smoothly rounded dorsolateraIly, without ............................
raised margins apart from the basal costulae 5-
Larger species with very long mandibles ; combined le,ngth of ....
head + mafidibles > I .IO mm (Panama)
Zongispinosa Brown
Smallel- species with mandibles not so long; combined length of .................................................. head -t. mandibles < 1.10 mm
6.
Compound eye anteriorly detached, i.e., bounded in fmnt by a narrow cleft or notch in the ventrolateral margin of the head (Fig. 29) ; combined length of head + mandibles > 0.80 mm; 2 preapical teeth on each mandible, the distal being smallest (Figs. 16) 17)
(West Indies) Trinidad) British Guiana, intro- duced from Africa) .................................................. rogeri Emery No preocular notch in ventsolateral border of head; combined length of head + mandibles < 0.80 mm ................................ 7. Each mandible with 2 single preapical tooth; no minute denticle near mandibular midlength (Trinidad to se. Brazil) .................... perpama Brown
.............................................................................. In addition to the preapical tooth) each mandible bears a minute denticle somewhere near the midlength of its inner margin ...... 8. Mandibles (MI 54-61 ) ) scape (L 0.23 mm) and apical funicular segment (L ca. 0.22 mm) shorter; promesonotum with a distinct ................................
median longitudinal carina (Dutch Guiana) carinithorax Borgmeiei-
.................................................................... Mandibles (MI > 61 ) ) scape (L > 0.27 mm) and apical funi- culai- segment (L > 0.25 mm) longer ; no distinct carina in the middle of the promesonotum (se. Brazil) .......... schmulzi Emery Mandible with no preapical teeth) or with a single preapical tooth or denticle, or with a preapical tooth or dentide plus another minute denticle pi-oximal to it (Figs. 1-4, 7, 8) 12, 13) ,, , ,, , , , 10. Mandible with 2 well-developed preapical teeth (Figs. 9, I 4). , ,. 22.
................................................................................................... Mmdible without preapical teeth or denticles (Fig. 2) ........ I I. Mandible with a preapical tooth or de,nticle) or both (Figs. 3) 4, 7, 8, 12, 13) 15) ........................................................................ 12. Petiole claviform, the node only feebly differentiated from its



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anterior peduncle; gastric hairs mostly stiff, re~niform (i.e., with broadened apices) (Fig. 5) ; head broader (CI > 79; Fig. I) .......................................... (Nicaragua to s. Mexico)
hdia Mann
Petiolar node with a steep anterior face, set off from its anterior peduncle; gastric hairs long, finely flagelliform (Fig. 6) ; head ............................
narrower (CI < 78 ; Fig. 2)
Zacacoca; go to 2 I
Large hairs of gastric dorsum remiform (i.e., oar- or paddle- .............................................. shaped at apex) ; smaller species
I 3.
...........
Large hairs of gastric dorsum fine, long, flagelliforin 15.
First gastirc tergite reticulate-pu,nctuIate and opaque; preapicd armament of mandible reduced to a single minute denticle situ- ated somewhat distal to the midlength of the inner border, but ........
remote from the apex (Fig. 12) (s. hlexico) boneti Brown
First gastric tergite smooth and shining beyond the basal belt of longitudinal costulae; preapical armament of mandible co,nsisting of a distinct tooth, with or without an additional minute denticle ...................................................... near mandibular midlength 14.
Dors,al borders of antenna1 scrobes broad, lamellose; preapical armament of mandible consisti,ng of a single strong tooth (n. Argentina) ........................................................ ogloblini Santschi Dorsal scrobe borders merely narrowly carinifoi-m ; preapical mandibular armament consisting of a tooth near the apex plus an additional minute denticle ,near the midlength (11. Argentina to s. Brazil; also Cuba and Louisiana, where probably intro- duced ) .................................................................. silvestrii Emery Ventral ends of propodeal lamellae at most rounded or bluntly angulate, not dentiform ............................................................ 16. Propodeal teeth large and acute, matched on each side below by 2 (metasternal) tooth of nearly the same size and shape arising from the ventral end of the infradental lamella (Fig. 23) ........ t~i~nidadensis; go to 26.
.................................................................... Long fine flagelliform hairs on nodes of petiole and postpetiole and on gastric dorsum very numerous, too many to count, and evidently always > 16 + 20 + 50, or > 86 total (partially denuded specimens or those with hairs plastered down can of course be deceptive) .................................................................. I 7, Long flagelliform hairs of nodes and gastric dorsum much fewer, at most about 8 + 10 + 34, or about 52 hairs total ............ 18. Dorsal scrobe border on each side produced as a narrow but distinctly 1amelIar margin; in,ner mandibular b,order with a minute denticle near the apical third, in addition to the preapical tooth; basal gastric costulae short, coarse, remainder of first



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260 Psyche [December
tergite smooth and shining (Fig. 8 ; Argentina, se. Brazil) ........ ............................................................................ hindenbwgi Fore1 Dorsal scrobe borders merely narrowly cariniform, not lamellate; mandibles without preapical dentical proximad of preapical tooth ; basal costulae of gastric dorsum extended over basal third or more of first tergite as fine, sericeous-opaque striolation (Fig. 4; C. America to s. Mexico; Bahamas) ............ Za,nuginosa Wheeler 18. Head with a strong concavity anterioi- to each eye, and thus appearing constricted in full-face view ( Fig. 7 ) ; humeral tuber- cles large and produced (mandibles broad, co.ntiguous or nearly so when closed, each with a single short, broad preapical tooth; Fig. 7) (Panama; hylaean S. America to Bolivia) .................... ................................................................................ precava Brown Head parallel-sided or gently tapered in front of eyes, without marked preocular concavities,; humeral tubercles or angles small, not produced (mandibles slender, not contiguous, at full closure, preapical dentition diverse, but not as above) ........................ 19. 19. Smder species, with mandibles < 0.42 mm long; head broader (CI > 75) ................................................................................ 20. Larger species, with longer mandibles (ML > 0.42 mm) ; head narrow (CI 75 or less) ............................................................ 21. 20. Inner mandibular margin with a minute denticle neai- the apical third in addition to the preapical tooth; head distinctly longitudi- nally rugdose (s. Mexico, Honduras) .................. enzeryi Mann Mandible with a single preapical tooth and no additional denticles proximad of this (Fig. 3) ; head at most weakly and indistinctly rugulose above (Costa Rica) ........................ nevernzanni Brown 21. Mandible with a small preapical tooth or denticle and, near it proxin~allj~, a,n additional minute denticle (Fig. 13 ; Costa Rica, ............................................................. Panama) micretes Bi-own
Mandible with no teeth or denticles, or with a single minute prezpical denticle (Fig. 2 ; Panama) .................... Zacacoca Brown (A population from Boquete, Chiriqui Prov., Panama, has I QS 2 preapical denticles on the inner mandibular bordes, and is thus htermediate between micretes and Zacacoca, but this population is also distinctive in having the promesonoturn coarsely longitudi- nally striate. The specimens ai-e also larger. Possibly nzicretcs, Zacacoca and the Boquete sample are simply local variants of a single unusually vai-iable species, 01- perhaps thi-ee distinct species are represented here.)
22. Inner mandibular border extended as a straight-edged lamella that terminates abruptly and subangularly at its distal end near



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Brown - Strumigenys 26 I
the proximal preapical tooth (Fig,. 9) .................................... 23 Inner mandibular border without a lamellar extension, or, if a lamella of sorts is present, its form is not as above (Fig. 14) .. 24. 23. Lamelliform margin of inner mandibular border ending near mid- length of mandible (Fig. 9) ; propodeal teeth very small; gastric dorsum predominantly smooth and shining, with vestiture of abundant fine) short reclinate hairs (se. Brazil) .. cultriger May Lamelliforn~ margin of inner mandibular bordei- ending near apical quarter of mandible; pi-opodeal teeth large; first gastric tergite predomi,nantly reticulate-striate, opaque, with about 20 ............................
apically-broadened, short erect hairs (Panama) .......................................................................... deltisquama Brown 24. Large forms (head width > 0.85 mni) with massive head and ................................
short, heavy mandibles (MI 50 or less)
2.5.
Smaller forms with narrower heads (head width under 0.85 mm) ....................
and longer, more slender mandibles (MI > SO) 26.
25. First gastric tergite finely longitudinally striolate for most or all of its length; head about as broad as, or broader than, long (Amazon Basin) ...................................... mandibuZaris F'r. Smith Gasti-ic dorsum smooth and shining, with only a narrow basal band of reduced costulae; head slightly longer than broad (Guiana to Costa Rica) ........................................ godnzani Fore1 26. Gastsic dorsum predominantly finely longitudinally striolate, sericeous-opaque, with very abundant, fi,ne) erect flagellifosm pilosity; proximal preapical mandibular tooth small (only about half the length of the distal preapical) and situated toward the ~nandibular nidlength (Fig. 14; Trinidad to Bolivia and Ecua- dor) ............................................................ trinidadensis Wheeler Gasti-ic dorsum with either sculpture or pilosity or both different fi-om the above; proximal preapical tooth of mandible more than half as long as distal preapical tooth and situated well beyond the nm~dibular ixidlength .............................................................. 27. 27. 3Iandibles very nearly as long as, to distinctly longer than, the head proper (MI > go) ....................................................... 28. hh~dibles relatively shorter (hf1 < 75) .............................. 32. 28. Mandibles slightly > 1.00 mm long; distal preapical tooth closes to proxind than to apical fork (British Guiana) ....................... .................................................................... dolichognatha Weber 3'landibles < 1-00 nm long; distal preapical tooth closer to apical fork than to proximal preapical tooth ............................ 29. 29. Mandibles > 0.80 mm long; longitudi,nal costulation of post- petiolar disc absent or incomplete ............................................ 30m



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Psyche [December
Mmdibles < 0.80 mm long; longitudinal costulation on post- petiolar disc complete from anterior to posterior border ........ 3 I. 30.
Size larger (HL 0.98 mm in holotype worker) ; infradental lamella of pi-opodeum low and cari,niform, terminating below in a small, obtuse ventral angle that is much smaller than the dorsal tooth (Fig. 24) ; antenna1 scape straight to its base (se. Brazil) ............................................................................ sanctipuuli Icempf Size smaller (HL < 0.85 mm) ; infradental lame112 high, termi- nating below in a psominent tooth or angle which is subequal to, or often larger than, the dorsal propodeal tooth (Figs. 25-27) ; antenna1 scapes gently but distinctly curved in b,asal half (s. Mexico to Trinidad and the Guianas) ............ cordovensis Mayr 31. Pilosity of head, alitrunk and nodes rather abundant and con- spicuous, narrow-spatulate ; eyes 0.09 mm in greatest diameter ; MI IOO& (Amazon Basin) ........................................ rehi Fore1 Pilosity less abundant and co~nspicuous, that of nodes and first gastric segment sparse, fine and filiform; eyes 0.07-0.08 mm in gi-eatest diameter ; MI 94-99 (Amazon Basin) . . subZongu Brown 32, Propodeal lamellae evenly rounded, without dorsal or ventral ................
angles or teeth (Fig. 22 ; Colombia) hemidisea Browg Propodeal lamell2e angulate or toothed above and/or below, more or less 2s i,n Figs. 23, 24 or 28 ........................................ 33. 33. Propodeal lamellae without dorsal teeth or angles; ventral angle ........
present and ~roninent (Fig. 28 ; C. America s. to Ecuador) biolleyi Fore1
.................................................................................... Propodeal lan~ellae angulate or toothed both above and below (more or less as in Figs. 23-26) ................................................ 34. 34. Mandibles longer and more slender (MI > 63) ; head narrower ................................................................................ (CI < 80) 35.
Mandibles shorter and more robust (MI < 63) ; head broader ...................................................................... (CI 80 or more) 36.
35. Smaller (HL < ,030 mm), more slender (CI < 68) ; preapical teeth small and crowded toward apical fork, occupying little or no more than the apical 115 of the mandibular length (Brazil: Pernambuco) .................................................... borgnzeieri Brown Larger (HL 0.80 mm or more), not so slender (CI > 68) ; preapical teeth more widely spaced, occupying the apical 215, more or less, of the mandibular length (se. Brazil, n. Argentina) saliens Mayr
.................................................................................... 36. Larger (HL 0.80 mm or more), with heavy, distinctly arcuate mmdibles ............................................................... planeti Brown



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19621 Brown - Strumigenys 263
Smaller (HL < 0.80 mm) ; mandibles narrower, not or only .................................................................... indistinctly arcuate 37.
Basigatric costulae absent or extremely reduced, never much longer than the space separating one from the next; anterodorsal face of petiolar node convex in both directions (Amazon Basin ........................................................ to Bolivia) prospiciens Emery
Basigastric costulae fine but numerous, extending at least 1/8 the length of gastric tergite I; anterodorsal face of petiolar node obliquely depressed, nearly or quite plane (tropical S. and C. .......................................... America, St. Vincent I.)
smithii Fore1
Mandible with a single small preapical tooth; no additional pre- ................................
apical teeth or denticles on inner border 39.
....
Mandible with 2 or more preapical teeth and/or denticles 40.
Larger form with long mandibles (ML > 0.42 mm; MI 68 or ............
more; see discussion, p. 247) (Bolivia) producta Brown Smaller form with shorter mandibles (ML < 0.42 mm; MI < 68) (Tennessee and Arizona to n. Argentina and Bolivia, W. ................................................................ Indies) louisianae Roger
Mandible with at most 2 preapical teeth and/or de,nticles (Fig. 15) ............................................................................................ 41.
Mandible with 3 or more preapical teeth and/or denticles (Figs. 10, 11) ...................................................................................... 44.
Mandible with I preapical tooth and a single additional minute denticle near the apical third of the mandibular length (Fig. 15) ; gastric dorsum predominantly reticulate-striate, opaque, with stiff remiform erect hairs (Guatemala) .......................... mixta Brown Mandible with two well-developed preapical teeth ................ 42. Smaller species, HL < 0.75 mm ; erect hairs of gaster stiff, slight- ly clavate or remiform (known from female only; possibly an inquiline in nest of S. laevipleura; Colombia) ................................ ........................................................................ xenognatha Kempf Larger forms, HL > 0.75 mm; erect hairs of gaster few, strag- gling flagelliform ...................................................................... 43. Dorsum of basal gastric segment with longitudinal costulae only at base, otherwise smooth and shining; short, thickened reclinate ground hairs of gastric dorsum abundant and conspicuous (Ama- zon Basin) ............................................................ tococae Wheeler Dorsum of basal gastric segment longitudinally striolate for its full length; reclinate ground hairs of gastric dorsum obsolete or apparently so (Panama) .................................... fairchildi Brown Postpetiolar node smooth and shining when clean; mandible with 2 preapical teeth and a denticle (Colombia) .... laevipleura Kempf



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264 Psyche
[December
Postpetiolar node densely reticulate-punctulate, opaque ........ 45. Preapical armament of mandible consists of 2 close-set preapical teeth, of which the second is much the longer, followed closely .........................
basad by I or 2 denticles (Fig. 1 I) (Colombia) ........................................................................... connectens Kempf Pi-eapical armament otherwise ; consisting either of three small subequal teeth, or of 4-9 minute teeth and/or denticles (Fig. 10) ..................................................................................................... 46
Antenna1 scape 0.33 mm or more long; larger, dark-colored ............................................ species (Jamaica) jamaicensis Brown
Antenna1 scape < 0.33 mm long ............................................ 47. Mandibles short and thick (MI < 56) ; robust species, worker ........................................................... HL mostly > 0.48 mm
48.
Mandibles longer and slender (MI 56 01- more) ; smaller species, ..............................
worker HL mostly 0.48 or less (Fig. 10)
4.9.
Mandible short (MI 48 in unique holotype), with exactly 3 small preapical teeth; ground pilosity of head nearly 01- quite obsolete; pi-onotum markedly flattened (Costa Rica) .................... trieces Brown
............................................................................ Mandible relatively longer (MI ca. 53-54), with > 3 preapical teeth and/or denticles; ground pilosity abundant and conspicuous on head ; promesonoturn strongly rounded, not depressed ( Mexico to s. Brazil) .................................................. snbedentata Mayr Mandibles very long and slender (MI > 70), bowed outward (Trinidad to n. Argentina) ........................ denticulata Mayr Mandibles not so long (MI < 70), their shafts approximately straight (Fig. 10) ................................................................. 50. Ventral spongifoi-m appendages of postpetiole small but distinctly developed (side view) ; gastric doi-sum of worker predominantly smooth and shining (when clean!), at most with a few basal longitudinal costulae, but female gaster comn~only shagreened above (Caribbean countries) .................. gundlachi (Roger) Ventral spongiform appendages of postpetiole obsolete; gastric dorsum of both worker and female with fine, mostly opaque reticulation (Brazil, Bolivia, Caribbean countries) ................ ................................................................................ eggersi Emery Glossary
Alitrunk:
The second tagma of the body in Hymenoptera, incor- porating the thorax and the closely fused propodeurn (first true abdom- inal segment)




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19621 Brown - Strumigenys 265
Antenna1 scrobes: Broad longitudinal excavations or grooves, one on each side of the head above the eye, for the reception of the folded antennae.
Apical fork: The two large teeth at the extreme apex of the mandi- ble, converging to form a U or V; between them may occur one 01- more intercalary denticles (Figs. 9-2 I ) . Basal costulae (basigastsic costulae) : Numerous raised longitudinal lines of the integumental sculpture originating from the base of the first gastric segment (tergite) and extending caudad for distances varying with the species (Figs. 5, 6).
Basal tooth (or lamella) : A process, usually digitiform or denti- form, arising from the inner mandibular border at its base, and usually covered by the clypeus when the mandibles are closed; not to be con- fused with the preapical teeth.
Flagelliforrn hairs: Very long, slender, tapered setae, often wavy, looped or otherwise contorted, i.e., whip-like (Figs. 4, 6). Intercalary tooth (or denticle) :
Abbreviated "ID," a tooth (or
denticle) occurring between the main teeth of the apical fork of the mandible, or as a spur on the inner side of one of the main teeth (Figs. 18-21 ).
Pi-eapical tooth (or denticle) : Abbreviated "PT," a tooth (or denticle), one or more of which occur along the inner mandibular border proximal to the apical fork, but not at or beneath the clypeal margin; not to be confused with the basal tooth, q. v. (Figs. 3, 4, 7-16).
Propodeal lamella: One of a pair of raised lobes or flanges guard- ing the sides of the propodeal declivity, sometimes incorporating the (dorsal) propodeal tooth and/or a ventral (metasternal or meta- pleural) tooth or angle (Figs. 5, 6, 22-28). Remiform hairs: Setae with a more or less oar-like form (Fig. 5). Spongiform appendages : Lobes, flaps and collar-like strips of light- colored spongy integumental material situated in definite, symmetrical positions on the petiole, postpetiole and antesoventral face of the gaster (Figs. 5, 6), and sometimes even on the aliti-unk, in the higher dace- tines and a few other ants. Their function is unknown.



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266 Psyche
[December
INDEX TO NAMES OF STRUMIGENYS SPECIES OF THE NEW WORLD AND THEIR SYNONYMS
(Names in italics are synonyms; page references are to the accompanying article)
angusticeps = saliens, 240,
banillensis = gundlachi, 249
batesi = mandibularis, 239
berlesei = gundlachi, 249
bierigi gundlachi, 249
biolleyi, 240, 253, 257, 262
boneti, 245, 257, 259
borgmeieri, 240, 253, 257, 262
bruchi = louisianae, 247
caribbea silvestrii, 246
carinithorax, 246, 257, 258
clasmosfongia = louisianae, 247
clavata = subedentata, 248
connectens, 247, 253, 257, 264
consanii, 245, 257, 258
cordovensis, 241, 253, 256, 262
costaricens'is louisianae, 247
cubaensis = louisianae, 247
cultriger, 241, 253, 256, 261
deltisquama, 241, 257, 261
denticulata, 249, 257, 264
dolichognatha, 241, 253, 256, 261
eggersi, 249, 257, 264
elongata, 245, 253, 257, 258
emeryi, 245, 253, 257, 260
fairchildi, 241, 242, 256, 263
ferox godmani, 239
fusca = louisianae, 247
godmani, 239, 253, 256, 261
guatemalensis = louisianae, 247
gundlachi, 249, 253, 257, 264
hemidisca, 239, 257, 262
hindenburgi, 243, 253, 257, 260
imitator elongata, 245
inaequalis smithii, 239
incisa rogeri, 250
infidelis = louisianae, 247
infuscata gundlachi, 249
isthmica gundlachi, 249
jamaicensis, 249, 257, 264
lacacoca, 245, 256, 259, 260
laevipleura, 247, 248, 257, 263
lanuginosa, 243, 260
laticephala = louisianae, 247
longicornis = louisianae, 247
longispinosa, 242, 256, 258
louisianae, 246, 247, 253, 257, 263
luctuosa biolleyi, 240
ludia, 242, 243, 253, 257, 259
mandibularis, 238, 252, 256, 261
marginiventris, 242, 257, 258
micretes, 245, 256, 257, 260
mixta, 246, 253, 257, 263
mokensis, 241
nevermanni, 245, 257, 260
nicaraguensis = elongata, 245
obscuriventris louisianae, 247
ogloblini, 243, 253, 257, 259
perparva, 246, 253, 257, 258
planeti, 239, 253, 256, 262
precava, 243, 245, 252, 256, 260
procera = saliens, 240
producta, 247, 257, 263
prospiciens, 238, 239, 256, 263
rehi, 240, 241, 256, 262
rogeri, 249, 250, 257, 258
saliens, 240, 253, 256, 262
sanctipauli, 240, 253, 256, 262
schmalzi, 246, 257, 258
silvestrii, 246, 253, 257, 259
smithii, 239, 252, 257, 263
soledadensis = louisianae 247
subedentata, 248, 257, 264
sublonga, 240, 256, 262
sulfurea rogeri, 250
tenuis = ludia, 243
tococae, 241, 253, 256, 263
tridens biolleyi, 240
trieces, 248, 257, 264
trinidadensis, 240, 253, 256, 259, 261
tristani = subedentata 248
un'identata = louisianae 247
unispinulosa = louisianae 247
vincentensis gundlachi 249
xenognatha, 248, 257, 263




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Brown - Strumigenys
REFERENCES
BROWN, W. L., JR.
1948.
A preliminary generic revision of the higher Dacetini (Hymenop- tera : Formicidae) . Trans. Amer. Ent. SOC., 74: 101-129. 1953a. Three new ants related to Strumigenys louisianae. Psyche, 60: 1-5. 1953b. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of mandibularis Fr. Smith. Jour. N. Y, Ent. Soc., 61: 53-59. 1953c. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of smithu Forel. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 61 : 101-110. 1953d. Revisionary studies in the ant tribe Dacetini. Amer. Midi. Nat., 50: 1-137, ill.
1954a. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of elongata Roger. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 61: 189-200, 1953. 1954b. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of saliens Mayr. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 62: 55-62. 1957. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of cultriger Mayr and S. tococae Wheeler. Jour. N. Y. Ent. SOC., 63: 97-102, 1955.
l958a. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of cordovensis Mayr. Stud. Ent., Petropolis, Brazil, (n.s.) 1 : 217-224.
1958b. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of marginiventris Santschi. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 65: 123- 128, 1957.
1958~. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of ogloblini Santschi. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 65: 133-137, 1957.
1959a. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strum'iqenys Fr. Smith: Group of emery; Mann. Ent. News, 70: 97-104. 1959b. Some new species of dacetine ants. Brev. Mus. Comp. Zool., 108: 1-11.
1959c. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Group of silvestrii Emery. Stud. Ent., Petropolis, Brazil, (n.s.) 2: 25-30.
1960. The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr, Smith: Group of gundlachi (Roger). Psyche 66: 37-52, 1959. 1961.
The neotropical species of the ant genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Miscellaneous concluding studies. Psyche, 68 : 58-69. KEMPF, W. W.
1958a. Three new ants of the genus Strumigenys from Colombia. Rev. Brasil. Ent., 8: 59-68.
1958b. The ants of the tribe Dacetini in the State of SZo Paulo, Brazil, with the description of a new species of Strumigenys (Hymenop- tera: Formicidae). Stud. Ent., Petropolis, Brazil, (n. s.) 1 : 553-560. WEBER, N. A.
1952. Biological notes on Dacetini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) . Amer. Mus. Novit., 1554: 1-7.
WILSON, E. 0.
1950.
Notes on the food habits of Strumigenys louisianae Roger (Hymen- optera: Formicidae). Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 45 : 85-86. 1954.
The ecology of some North American dacetine ants. Ann. Ent.
SOC. Amer., 46 : 479-495, 1953.




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