Allen R. Brady.
Geographic Variation and Speciation in the Sosippus floridanus Species Group (Araneae: Lycosidae).
Psyche 79(1-2):27-48, 1972.

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GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION AND SPECIATION IN
THE SOSIPPUS FLORIDANUS SPECIES GROUP
(ARANEAE : LYCOSIDAE)s*
BY ALLEN R. BRADY
Hope College
Holland, Michigan 49423
INTRODUCTION
In March, 1959, while collecting in Goose Island State Park in Aransas County, Texas, I encountered the lycosid genus Sosippus for the first time. I collected four immature specimens that appeared to be an unfamiliar species of Agelenopsis, more darkly colored than most but with a similar color pattern and running upright over a sheet-web with a funnel-shaped retreat. Later when examining these specimens under a dissecting microscope, I was surprised to find a typical lycosid eye arrangement and other diagnostic features of the Lycosidae. My initial interest in Sosippus was in its web-building behavior and the ~ossibilit~ that this genus might be intermediate in position between the Agelenidae (whose habits it parallels) and the Lycosidae (whose structural features it exhibits). The Lycosidae, or wolf-spiders, are one of the most successful families of spiders. Most of them are ground dwelling forms that rarely use silk to capture their prey. Instead they rely upon their keen sense of touch, long, well-developed legs and powerful cheli- cerae to capture their prey. Many wolf spiders tend to wander in search of food, others hunt in the vicinity of their retreats which they only leave at night.
The Lycosidae are adapted to a great variety of habitats and are represented by an abundance of individuals in these habitats. They are particularly interesting from the viewpoint of comparative sys- tematics since many species populations are found over a wide geo- graphic range including a diversity of habitats. For example, Lycosa carolinensis ranges from New England to southern Florida and westward to the Sonoran desert. This species changes little in such diagnostic features as the shape of the epigynum and the structure of the palpus, but does become lighter in color from north to south and east to west. AS a general rule few taxonomic differences have been reported in widespread species populations of Lycosa. Geographic Variation and Speciation. In 1959 C. I?. Roewer *Manuscript received by the editor April 3, 1972. 27
Pswhe 7927-48 ( 1972). hup Ytpsycht enlclub orgi79/TO-O27.htinl



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Psyche
TABLE 1
[March- June
HELICERAL
TEETH
SELECTED
published the third volume in a series olf monographs dealing with the classification of the Lycosidae of the world. Roewer (1959) separated Sosippus into two genera: Sosippus, in a restricted sense, and Sosippinus, a new genus. This separation was based on the number of posterior cheliceral teeth. Employing this criterion Sosip- pus mimus and 8. floridanus were placed in separate genera. As shown in my earlier paper (Brady, 1962) this division into two genera on the basis of number of posterior cheliceral teeth was clearly an artificial device. In most genera of the Family Lycosidae the number of posterior cheliceral teeth is relatively constant, 3-3 (three on each side) being the most common pattern. In the genus Sosip- - pus, however, specimens from a single population may have 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, or 5-3 posterior cheliceral teeth (see Table I). This simply illustrates that a single character difference cannot be indiscrimi- nately applied, particularly in separating genera. From my initial investigation in 1962, it became clear that Sosippus was represented by one species, S. californicus, in the southwestern United States,, but the picture was less clear in the southeastern United States.



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19721 Brady - Sosippus 29
Sosippus can readily be divided into two species groups based upon their morphology, coloration, genitalic structure, and geo- graphic distribution. One species group is found in the West and consists of S,
californicus and four Mexican species. In the East I recognized three species in the second group in 1962: S. texanus, S. minzus, and S. floridanus. This paper is primarily a more detailed examination of the southeastern populations which make up the 8. floridanus species group. Two perplexing features of the distribu- tion and geographic variation of Sosippus mimus appeared in 1962. First was the occurrence of specimens from northern Florida which had a color pattern like mvmis, but possessed 4-4 posterior cheliceral teeth as in floridanus. Second was the occurrence of three specimens from Lake Placid, Florida (including only a single mature female, figs. 13-14 of Bi-ady, 1962) that were not like any of the specimens from surrounding localities. Based on their color pattern and 3-3 posterior cheliceral teeth, these were considered southern representa- tives of ininzus (see Map I, Brady, 1962). The occurrence of a few isolated specimens of mimus in southern Florida was most puzzling. Also the variability of certain characters in mimus from northern Florida indicated the possibility that more than one species was represented. The materials available in 1962 included only three mature specimens between Louisiana and west- ern Florida, all males. It is very difficult to distinguish different species of the floridanus group on the basis of males alone. The primary .problem, then, was the lack of specimens from critical areas.
Since 1961 a number of short field trips to Florida of 5-7 days duration have provided additional data. After a preliminary trip to Florida during the spring of 1968, Jim Toothaker and I under- took an intensive three week field study during which we collected and photographed Sosippus from Louisiana to south central Florida. From the western-most locality where we collected Sosippus ( Fountainbleau State Park near Mandeville, Louisiana) to Youngs- town in western Florida, we found only one species, S. mi~nus. Char- acteristic of this species was a relatively constant number of 3-3 posterior cheliceral teeth (Table I), a diffuse color pattern on the carapace (Figs. 28-33) and a specific type of epigynum (Figs. 1-9). Along the west coast (Cedar Key) and inland (Horse Creek) in peninsular Florida, we found typical S. floridanus. These popula- tions all have 4-4 cheliceral teeth on the posterior margin (Table I), a characteristic floridanus color pattern with the white stripes



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Psyche
[March- June
@ floridanus
0 mimus
A janus
A placidus
Map 1




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contrasting sharply with the black background of the carapace (Figs. 34-38), and a peculiar epigynum (Figs. 10-13, 19-24). At Lake Lochloosa we encountered a population with a predomi- nant 4-4 tooth pattern (Table I), but with an unusual and some- what variable epigynal structure (Figs. 14-1 8)) and a more diffuse color pattern than 8. floridanus, the white or yellowish markings on the carapace not contrasting sharply with the black background of the carapace (Figs. 40-41).
The available data below indicate that
this is a distinct population and it is recognized here as S. janus. At Lake Placid, in south central Florida, we made our most in- teresting discovery. Here we found a population of large specimens, unique in color pattern (Fig 391, epigynal structure (Figs. 25-27), and with 3-3 posterior cheliceral teeth (Table I). This population is designated S. placidus and described below. Fro'm the investigation made in 1968 and information gathered since, it is evident that there are populations of Sosippus in penin- sular Florida that are quite different from mimus and floridanus. The distribution patterns of different populations of Sosippus in Florida appear to reflect recent geologic events. Sosippus placidus is restricted to an area represented by Red Hill Island of the Afto- nian Interglacial (Laessle, 1958).
The rise in sea-level during the Pleistocene with the concomitant production of various islands where the Florida peninsula now stands has influenced speciation in at least three different genera of spiders. The influence of Pleistocene events is seen in the distribution pat- terns of certain species of Geol~cosa ( McCrone, 1963 ), Latrodectus (McCrone and Levi, 1964)) and Sosippus (Map I). In consider- ing the series of events producing differentiation in these spiders, several factors need to be emphasized. First it would seem that salt- water currents served as an effective barrier to gene flow so that divergence of the populations could proceed. I think that these bar- riers, by themselves, would be insufficient to account for the re- productive isolation of these populations. Even where the spiders have limited dispersal powers (as in Geolycosa) other factors must have been in operation. I suggest that the reduction of population numbers ton the Pleistocene islands with a corresponding reduction in genetic variability played a significant role in the process of specia- tion. These geographical isolates became genetically homogeneous and ecologically specialized for the xerophytic conditions of the Pleistocene islands. Even today the limits of the species ranges of these spiders is prescribed by the extent of the xeric communities



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Psyche [March-June
Figs. 1-4,
Sosippus mimus Chamberlin, from Fountainbleau St. Pk. near Mandeville, St. Tammany Par., Louisiana, 17-18 June 1968. 1. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. 2-4. Epigyna, showing variation. Figs. 5-7. Epigyoa of Sosipfius minus Chamhedin from Magnolia St. Pk. near Biloxi, Jackson Co., Mississippi, IS June 1968, showing variation. Figs. 8-9. Epigyna of Sosippui mi- Chamberiin from 7 mi. S. of Youngstown, Bay Co., Florida, 20 June 1968, showing variation.



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19721 Brady - Sosippus 33
formed from these islands. When the islands were joined after the Pleistocene, the insular populations were effectively isolated ecolog- ically and reproductively.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
For my initial investigation of Sosippus in 1962, I used the collec- tions of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and those of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, supplied by Dr. Willis Gertsch. In addition, Dr. H. K. Wallace of the University of Florida and Dr. Joseph A. Beatty, presently of Southern Illinois University, supplied much needed specimens. The present study was aided by specimens kindly supplied by Dr. H. I<. Wallace of the University of Florida and Dr. H. W. Levi of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
I express my appreciation
to individuals and institutions for their aid in this investigation. Special thanks go to Jim Toothaker, formerly a student at Hope College, who aided considerably in the collection of data and photog- raphy. A note of appreciation goes to Dr. Howard V. Weems, Jr. and the Bureau of Entomology, Florida Department of Agriculture for supplying the map of Florida. I also wish to thank Dr. H. W. Levi for reading critically the manuscript. National Science Founda- ti,on grant number GB-13925 helped to defray expenses of this re- search.
TAXONOMIC SECTION
Sosippus floridanus Simon
Figures 10-13, 19-24, 34-38. Map I.
Sosippus flondanus Simon,
1898, Ann. Sac. Ent. Belgique, 42: 25.
Female
holotype from Florida in the Paris Museum. Roewer, 1954, Katalog der Araneae, 2: 314. Bonnet, 1958, Bibliographia Araneorum, 2(4): 4093. Roewer, 1959, Exploration du Parc National de I'Upemba, Araneae Lycosaeformia I1 (Lycosidae), P. 1004. Brady, 1962, Psyche, 69 (3) : 151, figs. 1, 19, 20, 40-43, map 1.
Discussion.
For structural details, coloration, preliminary diagno- sis, and natural history refer to Brady (1962). Unlike the records for S. m'nniis, which represent several species, those listed in 1962 for S. floridanus represent that species only. New records are listed below.
Diagnosis.
In addition to the features mentioned previously 8. floridanus may also be distinguished from S. mimus by the number of posterior cheliceral teeth (Table I ). Sosippus floridanus is most similar to S. janus. It may be distinguished from the later species



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March-June
Figs. 10-13.
S d u s fioridutt~t~ Simon, from Cedar Key, Levy Co., Florida, 9 June 1968. 10, Internal dorsal view. 11-13. Epsgyna, showing variation.
Figs. 14-18,
Sosippas jams sp. n., from NW shore of Lake Lochioosa, Alachua Co., Florida, 11 Apr. and 10 June 1968. 14-15. Epigyoa, showing
variation. 16. Internal genitalia, dorsal view. 17, Epigynum of female holotype. 18. Epigynum, showing variation.



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19721 Brady - Sosippus 35
by color pattern (compare Figs. 34-38 with Figs. 40-41 ), the form of the epigynum (compare Figs. 10-13, 19-24 with Figs. 14-18), and ecological attributes. Sosippus floridanus is found most often in Pine-Palmetto associates (Fig. 42) or similar rather dry habitats, while 6'. jams has been found only in mesic woods (Fig. 43). Distribution.
Southern Georgia and peninsular Florida into the Florida Keys (Map I ).
New Records. GEORGIA. Crisp Co.: 7.3 mi N of Cordelle, 30 May 1964 $2 (A. R. Brady). FLORIDA. County Records: Baker, Brevard, Dade, Dixie, Hernando, Marion, Palm Beach, Pinellas, Putnam.
Sosippus texanus Brady
Sosippus texanus Brady, 1962, Psyche, 69(3) : 160, figs. 4, 21, 22, 37-39, map 1. Female holotype from Goose Island State Park, Aransas Co., Texas, 15 June 1961 (A. R. Brady) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Discussion.
For structural details, illustrations, preliminary diag- nosis, and natural history, refer to Brady ( 1962). Diagnosis.
Sosippus texanus is most similar to S. mimus in color- ation and has the same number of posterior cheliceral teeth. It is distinguished from S. mimus by its larger average size and the struc- ture of the female epigynum (compare figs. 21, 22 to figs. 15, 16 of Brady, 1962).
Distribution. Southern Texas.
New Record. TEXAS. Hidalgo Co.: Bentsen Rio Grande St. Pk., 6 mi. SW of Mission, 29 June 1962 4C3 : $' $ : o (A. R.
Brady) .
Sosippus mimus Chamberlin
Figures 1-9, 28-33. Map I.
Sosippus nzimus Chamberlin, 1924, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 63: 27, pi. 6, fig. 43. Female holotype from Mandeville, Louisiana, 1 May 1921 (H. E. Hubert) in Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cornstock, 1940, The Spider Book, p. 639. Bonnet, 1958, Bibliographia Araneorum, 2(4): 4093. Brady, 1962, Psyche 69(3): 156, figs. 15, 16 only, not figs. 13, 14, 17.
Sosippinus mimus: Roewer, 1954, Katalog der Araneae 2: 313; 1959, Ex- ploration du Parc National de l'upemba, Araneae Lycosaeformia I1 (Lycosidae), p. 1002.
Discussion.
Figures 13 and 14 of Bmdy ( 1962) are of Siosippus placidus. Figure 17 is S. janus. In 1962 I indicated that the speci-



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Psyche
[March-June
Figs, 19-24. Epigyna of Sosipfur ftoridanvs Simon showing variation. 19-20. Aripeka, Hernando Co., Florida, I3 June 1968. 21-22. One mile E of Horse Creek on St. Highway 72, Desoto Co., Florida, 12 June 1968. 23-24. Highlands Hammock St. Pk., Highlands Co., Florida, 19 June 1962. Figs. 25-27,
Sasi$puz placidus sp. n., from 6 mi. S of Lake Placid, High- lands Co., Florida, 12 June 1968.
25. Internal genitalia, c'orsal view. 26. Epigynum, showing variation. 27. Epigynum of female holctype.



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19721 Brady - Sosippus 37
mens considered under S. nzimus could well constitute more than one species. It is now apparent that at least three species were rep- resented. Diagnostic measurements of S. ?ninzus and the report on the number of cheliceral teeth in 1962 should be disregarded. The color description and pattern illustrated were of the type female of S. n~inzus and remain valid.
Alemurements:
Total body length of two males from the type locality I 1.5) I 1.9 mm. Carapace width 4.3, 4.4 mm, carapace length 5.7, 5.9 mm.
1Vidth of anterior eye row 1-05) 1-25 mm. Posterioi- ocular quadrangle: PA/lE width 1-10 mm) PLE width 1.58 mm, POQ length 1.m mm.
Leg IV: femur 6.1, 6.2 mm, patella-tibia 7.6, 7.8 mm, meta- tarsus 7.2, 7.4 mm, tarsus 3.4, 3.5 mm, total length 24.3, 24.9 mm. Patella-tibiae: I 6.8, 7.2 mm, I1 6.5, 6.9 mm, I11 5.8, 6.0 mm. Total body length of 10 females from the type locality 12.5-18.2 mm, mean 14-93 mm. carapace widrh 4.3-5.6 mm, mean 4.91 mmt carapace length 5.7-7.7 mm) mean 6.71 mm. Width of anterior eye row 1.38-1.70 mm) mean 1.535 mm. Pos- terior ocular quadrangle : PME width I. I 8-1 -43 mm, mean I -278 mm, PLE width I -75-2.18 mm, mean I .920 mm, POQ length 1.05- 1.28 mm, mean 1.163 rnm.
Leg IV:
femur 5.4-6.9 mm, mean 6.22 mm, patella-tibia 6.3- 8.3 mm) mean 7.36 mm, metatarsus 5.6-7.2 mm, mean 6.44 mm, tarsus 2.7-3.5 mm) mean 3.13 mm, total length 20.0-25.7 mm, mean 23.15 mm.
Patella-tibiae: I 5.7-7.5 mm, mean 6.57 mm, I1 5.3-6.8 mm, mean 6.19 mm, I11 4.5-6.2 mm) mean 5.42 mm. Diagnosis. S~osippus minzus is like S. texanus in color pattern and number of posterior cheliceral teeth. It is distinguished from 8. texanus by the structure of the female epigynum (compare Figs. 1-9 with figs. 2 I, 22 of Brady, 1962). Specimens of 8. texanus are larger in average size.
Sossi$pus nzimus is easily separated from S. jloridanus by the num- ber of posterior cheliceral teeth (Table I ) ) color pattern (compare Figs. 28-33 with Figs. 34-38]) and epigynal structure (compare Figs. 1-9 with Figs. 10-13) 19-24).
Natural Histlory.
Sosippus mimus was collected from regions of sandy soil in wooded areas and in more or less open fields from eastern Louisiana to western Florida from 17-20 June, 1968. Like other species of Sosippus it occurred comn~only in disturbed habitats, for example, fields that had been cleared for construction, fire breaks,



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33 Psyche [March-June
Figs* 28-30. So~ip$us mimus Charnberk, from Fountainbleau St. Pk., near MandwilIq St. Tammany Par.* Louisiana, 17-18 June 19ES. 2E. Male. 29. Female. 30. Female with egg case.
Fig. 31. Fernate of Sosippw mimu Chambedin, from Magnolia St Pk, near Biloxi, Jackwn CU., Miflsbaippi, 18 June 1968.



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19721 Brady - A'osip$us 39
and garbage dumps. Tubular retreats were built at an angle into the sides of banks, ruts and furrows. Extending from the tubular portion is a sheet or platform web. Not uncommonly the tubular portion of the web would lead under a log or other cover in which cases it might extend for 9-12 inches
(23-30 a). The posterior
end of this tube seems always to be open so that the spider can retreat if disturbed. Where the retreat dead-ends into a hole or depression, there is a side avenue of escape. The webs closely resem- bled those of AgeZenopsis which also occurred in the same habitats. The specimens of AgeZenopsis were immature, whereas most of the Sosippus were mature and some carried egg cases. The egg case is carried attached to the spinnerets as in other lycosids (Figs. 30, 38). Immature specimens of S. 7nimus were taken from October 13, 1969 through April 27, I970 at Tall Timbers Research Station in pitfall traps. Males were recovered from May 4-June 22, 1970. Although collections continued through June 22, 1970, only four
females appeared in these traps - from May I I through May 25. Distributione Western Florida to Louisiana ( Map I ) . Records.
These constitute the only valid records for S. mimus as it is defined here.
FLORIDA. Bay Co.:
7 mi. S of Youngs-
town on US 23 I, 20 June 1968 d : 3 9 Q : 300 (A. R. Brady, J. Toothaker). Escambia Co.: 18 June 1934 00 (H. K. Wallace). Jackson Co.: 3 Apr. 1953 8 (H. K. Wallace). Leon Co.: Tall Timbers Research Station, 13 Oct. 1969-22 June I970 12 d d : 4 9 9 : 500 (D. L. Harris). Liberty 'Co. : 2-4 June I 952 d ; Blounts- town, 17 Apr. 1938 d (W. J. ~Gertsch). Suwanee 'Co. : 25 Mar. 1933 d (H. K. Wallace) Saint Johns Co. : Hastings, July I927 d (J. L. Scribner). MISSISSIPPI. Forest Co. : Hattiesburg, 2-6 Jan I942 00 (E. L. Bell). Jackson Co. : Magnolia St. Pk. near Biloxi,
18 June 1968 5?Q (A. R. Brady, J. Toothaker) ; Ocean Springs, 10 May I931 d (Dietrich). LOUISIANA. St. Tam- many Par. : Fountainbleau St, Pk. near Mandeville, 17-18 June 1968 3 d d : I I
9 : o (A. R. Brady, J. Toothaker) ; Mandeville, I May 1921
(13. E. Hubert).
Sosippus janus sp. n.
Figures 25-27, 40-31. Map I
Sosi~$us mimus, - Brady, 1962, in part:
fig. 17, not S. mi mu^ Chamberlin.
FIoZotype.
Female from NW shore of Lake Lochl,oosa, Alachua Co,, Florida,, 10 June 1968 (A. R. Brady, and J. Toothaker) de-



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Psyche




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19721 Brady - Sosip pus 41
posited in the hIuseum of Comparative Zoology. The name is a noun in apposition after the Roman god.
Discussion.
Sosipfius janus is difficult to interpret at this time, primarily due to a lack of specimens from areas other than Lake Lochloosa. The geographic range of this species is unknown, but it appears to be limited to mesic habitats. Of the 36 specimens ex- amined from the type locality some show deviation from the nor- mal 4-4 pattern of posterior cheliceral teeth (Table I). However, this variation and the variation in epigynal structure (Figs. 14-18) is no greater than one encounters in other large series of specimens from a single locality) for example S. nzinzus near hlandeville, Louisiana. It is possible that 8. jmus represents a geographic race or, perhaps, a hybrid zone between S. floridanus and S. nzimus, but the present evidence indicates a distinct biological entity. The female genitalia of S. jams are distinctive and the color pat- tern is unlike s. floridanus, which has the same number of posterior cheliceral teeth. In addition to structural differences) 8. jams is found in mesic situations) Iike the Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) woodland of Figure 43, while S. floridanus is found in drier com- munities, such as the Pine and Palmetto association shown in Fig- ure 42. Because of these distinctions the population at Lake Loch- loosa is recognized as representative of a new species here. Measurements. Total body length of five males from the type locality 9.9-12-7 mm, mean I 1.70 mm, carapace width 4.2-5.0 mm? mean 4.74 mm) carapace length 5.7-6.5 mm, mean 6.22 mnl. Width of anterior eye row 1.28-1.45 mm, mean 1.370 mm. Pos- terior ocular quadrangle (POQ)* : PATE width I -05-1 -20 mm) mean I .125 mm, PLE width I -50-1.73 mm, mean 1.645 mm, POQ length -95-1 -08 mm, mean I -020 mm.
Leg IV:
femur 5.8-6.9 mm, mean 6.40 mm, patella-tibia 7.1- 8.2 mm, mean 7-70 mmj metatai-sus 7.0-goo mm, mean 7.58 mm, tarsus 3.4-3.6 mm, mean 3.50 mm, total length 22.3-26.7 mm, mean 25.18 mm.
Patella-tibiae: I 605-7.7 mm) mean 7.18 mm) 11 6.2-7.2 mm, mean 6.72 mm, I11 5.5-6.3 mm, mean 5.98 mm. Total body length of 20 females from the type lccality 12.4-15.8 mm, mean 14-41 mm, carapace width 4.5-5.8 mm) mean 5-19 mm, carapace length 6.1-7.7 mm, mean 7.01 mm. *The posterior median eyes (PME) and the postericr lateral eyes (FLE), which form two rows in the Lycosidae, are referred to in this paper as the poxt~rior ocular quadrang!e (POQ). Measurements of the POQ are diagrammed in Text Figure 1 of Brady 1962.



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A3 Psyche [March-June
Figs. 36-58. Sosipput foridanus Simon, from one mile E of Horse Creek on St. Highway 72, Desoto Co., Florida, 12 June 1968. 36. Male. 37. Female. 38. Female with egg case.
Fig. 39. Female holotype of Sosipfus placidus ap. IL, from 6 mi. S of Lake Placid, Highlands Co,, Florida, 12 June 1968.



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Figs. 40-41.
50iiffus J'SBIM sp. n., from NW shore of Lake Lochloosa, Alachua (A, Florida, 4 Apr. 1- 40. Male. 41. Female. Width of anterior eye row 1.43-1.73 mm, mean 1.598 mm. Pas- terior ocular quadrangle (POQ) : PME width 1.13-1.35 mm, mean 1.268 mm, PLE width 1.73-3.08 mm, mean 1.965 mm, POQ length 1.00-1-25 mm, mean 1.158 mm.
Leg IV: femur 5.5-6.9 mm, mean 6.31 mm, patella-tibia 6.4- 8.2 mm, mean 7.43 mm, metatarsus 5.7-7.5 mm, mean 6.64 mm, tarsus 2.8-3.5 mm, mean 3.10 ma, total length 20.4-26.1 m, mean 23.46 mm.
Patella-tibiae: I 6.0-7.6 men, mean 6.80 mrn, I1 5.5-7.0 mm, mean 6.27 mm, 111 4.7-6.2 mm, mean 5.50 mm. Color, Male. Pattern illustrated in Figure 40. Face dark xed- dish brown, with broad white stripes on each side extending from below FME diagonally downward toward cheliceral condyles. Eye region black. Chelicerae dark reddish brown, black distally. Palpi brownish to brown.
Carapace reddish brown with three stripes of white hair in ccr phalic region: a median stripe beginning between PLE and extending to thoracic groove, a pair of white stripes 'beginning inside FLE continuing diagonally tangent to inner surface of PLE and then



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Psyche
[March-June
straight back to edge of cephalic region. Four pairs of dark lines radiating from thoracic groove. Edge of carapace heavily clothed with white hair, forming a light marginal stripe. Doi-sum of abdomen with broad median brown stripe, laterally and along the sides lighter, mottled brown with covering of white pubescence.
Five pairs of white spots at edges of median stripe, the posterior three pair connected by white chevrons. Venter of abdomen with broad median yellowish brown stripe, bordered by light brown clothed with white pubescence. In some cases a pair of thin brown stripes are visible within the broader pale median one. These run lateral to the genital area and converge posteriorly. Legs yellowish brown with faint dusky markings on femora, lighter yellowish ventrally, especially coxae. Labium and endites orange to yellow-brown with distal ends pale yellow to cream. Sternum pale orange to light brownish yellow. Female. Pattern illustrated in figure 41. Face dark reddish brown with white hair from ALE to outer lower edge of clypeus. Carapace reddish brown with margins of lighter color covered by white pubescence. Whi'te lines radiating from thoracic groove. A median white stripe from between PLE to thoracic groove and a pair of white stripes in cephalic region converging between PME. Dursum of abdomen with a wide dark brown median stripe bounded by lighter areas of brown intermixed with white pubes- cence. Four or five white chevrons sometimes discernible on pos- tenor half. Venter of abdomen pale yellow to yellow brown above epigastric furrow, cream to brown below epigastric furrow and thickly clothed with white hair.
Legs yellow-brown to orange-brown, with coxae lighter, yellow- orange on ventral surface.
Labium and endites dark brown with lighter yellowish distal ends. Sternum yellow-brown.
Fig. 42. Pine and Palmetto association one mile E of Horse Creek on St. Highway 72, Desoto Co., Florida, 12 June 1968. Habitat of Sosippus floridanus Simon.
Fig. 43.
Mesic woodland on NW shore of Lake Lochlocsa, Alachua Co., Florida, 20 June 1968. Type locality of Sosippus jams sp. n. Fig. 44. Very dry clearing with Opuntia as the dominant vegetation, 6 mi. S of Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Florida, 12 June 1968. Type locality of Sosippus placidus sp. n.
Fig. 45. Close-up view of a sheet-web of Sosippus placidus with the retreat (in center of photograph) at the base of 0pun:ia. Same locality as
in Figure 44.




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19721 Brady - Sosippus 45




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46 Psyche
[March-June
Diagnosis.
Sosippus janus is similar to S. mimus in color pattern, but unlike that species, it has 4-4 cheliceral teeth and differs from S. mi7m1s in epigynal structure (compare Figs. 14-18 with Figs. I- 9). The epigynum of S. janus is like that of S. floridanus (compare Figs. 14-18 with Figs. 10-13), but with consistent differences be- tween the two species. In addition, based on present information, S. jaws is restricted to mesic habitats such as that surrounding Lake Lochloosa in Figure 43, while S. floridanus occurs in drier and more open habitats such as the Pine and Palmetto community in Figure 42. Thus, the color pattern of 8. janus, the structure of the epigy- num, and its habitat indicate reproductive isolation from S. floridanus and S. mimus.
Records. Florida. Alachua Co.: 18 Apr. 1935 goo, 13 Apr. I 950 $ ( H. I<. Wallace) ; NW shore of Lake Lochloosa, I I Apr. 1968 5 d' : ? ? : oo, 10 June 1968 18 $? ? : goo (A. R. Brady, J. Toothaker ; 2.7 mi W of Melrose, 13 June 1962 d 8 : ? : 400 (A. R. Brady) . Levy Co. : 20 Apr. 1935 89 9 oo (G. V. Hyn) . Marion Co. : Kerr Park near Lake Kerr Q (H. K. Wallace). Putnarn Co. : 2 May 1947 ?o, 2-3 June 1947 $00 (H. K. Wallace). Sosippus placidus sp. n.
Figures 25-27, 39. Map I.
Sosippus mimus,-Brady, 1962, in part: figs. 13, 14, not S. mimus Cham- berlin.
H,olotype. Female from 6 mi. S of Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Florida, 12 June 1968 (A. R. Brady, J. Toothaker) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The species is named after the type locality.
Discussion. Two immature specimens and a single mature female of S. placidus were examined and described under S. mimus in 1962. The presence of a single mature female did not warrant description of a new species at that time.
Because of the 3-3 pattern of pos-
terior cheliceral teeth and their color pattern (in alcohol) these speci- mens were thought to represent a southern population of S. mimus. The uniqueness of the single female's epigynum prompted a drawing of the female genitalia and these are illustrated in figures 13 and 14 of Brady ( I 962). Additional evidence now clearly indicates that this southern Florida population of Sosippus near Lake Placid rep- resents a distinct species.
Measurements: Total body length of three females I 5.0-1 7.6 mm. Carapace width 5.3-6.3 mm, carapace length 7.7-9.1 mm. Width of anterior eye row 1.63-1.88 mm. Posterior ocular quad-



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19721 Brady - Sosippus 47
rangle: PME width 1.38-1.55 mm, PLE width 2.05-2.43 mm, POQ length 1.20-1.40 mm.
Leg IV:
femur 7.3-8.6 mm, patella-tibia 8.6-10.3 mm, meta- tarsus 7.5-8.9 mm, tarsus 3.3-4.0 mm, total length 26.7-31.8 mm. Patella-tibiae:
I 7.9-9.5 mm, I1 7.6-9.1 mm, I11 6.5-7.9 mm. Color. Female. Pattern illustrated in Figure 39. Face dark reddish brown, black in eye region, with white hair at outer lower margins. Chelicerae black.
Carapace dark reddish brown with broad marginal stripes of paler orange-brown due to covering of white hair. Pattern of dark lines radiating from thoracic groove accented by white hair. Dorsum of abdomen dark brown with five pairs of white spots connected by white chevrons on posterior half. Venter of abdomen bright yellow-orange.
Legs brown with alternating light and dusky bands. Coxae and trochanters bright orange, conspicuously so on ventral surfaces. Labium and endites dark red-orange with lighter yellowish dis- tal ends. Sternum bright yellow-orange.
Diagnosis.
Sosippus placidus is recognized by its 3-3 posterior cheliceral teeth, a striking red-orange ventral surface, and a distinct epigynum (Figs. 25-27). It differs from S. floridanus, its closest neighbor geographically, in number of cheliceral teeth (Table I ) , color pattern (compare Fig. 39 with Figs. 34-38), and epigynal structure (compare Figs. 25-27 with Figs. 10-13, 19-24). Slosippus
placidus agrees with S. mimus in number of posterior cheliceral teeth (Table I), but is distinguished from that species by its dif- ferent color (red-orange ventral surface), distinct epigynum (com- pare Figs. 25-27 with Figs. 1-9) and geographic location (Map I). In addition to its morphological distinctness, S. placidus appears to have a different breeding season than the populations of S. floridanus occurring in its vicinity and also different habitat requirements. Sosippus placidus was collected in a very dry area of scrub vegeta- tion, including Opuntia (Figs. 44-45). This area was represented by Red Hill Island during the Aftonian Interglacial (Laessle, 1958) and the restricted occurrence of this species seems to be directly related to its former insular distribution. For an analysis of the evolutionary factors that played a key role here, see the section on Geographic Variation and Speciation in this paper. Records. Florida. Highlands Co.: Archibold Biological Sta- tion near Lake Placid, 24 Jan.-4 Feb. 1943 $00 (34. Cazier) , 6 mi. S of Lake Placid, 12 June 1968 3?$?:7oo (A. R. Brady, J. Tooth- aker) .




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Psyche
[March- June
REFERENCES CITED
BRADY, A. R.
1962. The spider genus Sosippus in North America, Mexico, and
Central America (Araneae, Lycosidae). Psyche, 69 (3) : 129-164. LAESSLE, A. M.
1958. The origin and successional relationship of sandhill vegetation and sand-pine scrub. Ecol. Monographs, 28 : 361-387. MCCRONE, J. D.
1963. Taxonomic status and evolutionary history of the Geolycosa pike'i complex in the southeastern United States (Araneae, Lycosidae). Amer. Midland Nat., 70 (1) : 47-73.
MCCRONE, J. D. AND H. W. LEVI
1964. North American Widow spiders of the Latrodectus curacaviensis group (Araneae: Theridiidae). Psyche, 71 (1) : 12-27. ROEWER, C. F.
1959. Lycosaeformia I1 (Lycosidae). Exploration du Parc National de 1'Upemba. Brussels, 2 : 519-1040.




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