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Systematics of the Trapdoor Spider Genus Aliatypus (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae).
Psyche 81(3-4):431-500, 1974.
This article at Hindawi Publishing: https://doi.org/10.1155/1974/69634
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SYSTEMATICS OF THE TRAPDOOR SPIDER GENUS ALIA TYPU5 ( ARANEAE : ANTRODIAETIDAE) * Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, 28723
Aliatypus species are all rather stocky mygalomorph spiders (Figs. 45-49) which construct a burrow with a trapdoor entrance from which they capture prey. In general morphology and behavior, Aliatypus bears striking resemblance to the distantly related trapdoor spider family Ctenizidae, but this similarity is clearly the result of convergent, or at least parallel, evolution; Aliatypus is an atypoid mygalomorph taxon most closely related to Antrodiaetus, Atypoides, and the Mecicobothriidae. Allatypus species appear to be restricted to California and Arizona
(Maps 1-4) where they live in ravine
banks, road banks, or other slopes in habitats ranging from hot, dry sagebrush scrub communities to wet coast redwood forests and cool California red fir mountain forests. They are among the most abundant trapdoor spiders in California. Aliatypus has been badly neglected; only one species has been described (Banks, 1896; Smith, 1908) and little natural history information has been published (Smith, 1908 ; Gertsch, 1949; Coyk, 1971). During the last seven years a concerted collecting effort, largely by Wendell Icenogle and myself, has increased the availability of adult specimens from a dozen to 330 and has thereby made pos- sible this revision. My chief goal in this study has been to define accurately the species limits by means of an analysis of variation. The methods employed are essentially those of my earlier studies (Coyle 1968, 1971) and are summarized in the Methods section of this paper. Discussions of variation patterns are included in order to improve our understanding of geographic variation in mygalo- morph spiders and guide future research on Alwtypus. The consid- erable amount of behavioral and ecological data which has been collected will be published separately in a paper on AIiatypus natural history.
*Manuscript received by fhe editor January 1, 1975. 43 1
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432 Psyche [September-December
I hope that these studies of Aliatypus will stimulate others to investigate these fascinating spiders.
Considerably more collecting
is necessary before Aliatypus systematics can be confidently under- stood. As pointed out in the discussions of variation, small sample sizes and sizeable geographic gaps from which no samples are avail- able have greatly limited the strength of some of my conclusions. The variation discussions, locality records, and distribution Maps 2-4- (Map 4 marks the distribution of unidentifiable Aliatypus speci- mens.) should help direct future collecting efforts. Willis Gertsch first recognized the potential diversity within AUatypus and suggested that I revise the genus. Wendell Icenogle deserves tremendous credit for the hours he labored collecting about 55 percent of the specimens upon which this study is based. He was
the first collector of five new species. Without his field work this study would be very incomplete. Jim Horton, my department head during most of this research, provided needed space and release time. I thank the following individuals and institutions for loans of Aliatypus specimens: William Azevedo, Michael Bentzien, Patrick Craig, Willis Gertsch (American Museum of Natural History), Wendell Icenogle, Herbert Levi (Museum of Comparative Zoology), Patrick Marer, Robert Schick (California Academy of Sciences), and Me1 Thompson. This research and its publication have been supported by a grant (GB-34128) from the National Science Foundation.
PHYLOGENY
AZiatypusJ Antrodiaetus, Atypoides, the Mecicobothriidae, and the Atypidae form a distinct monophyletic taxon ( Coyle, I 97 I ) .
Aliatypus is probably an old group, so that the details of its relation- ship to these other atypoid mygalomorph taxa are not now clear. The question of whether Aliatypus is more closely related to Antro- diaetus and Atypoides or to the mecicobothriids was discussed earlier (Coyle, 1971)) but will remain unresolved until after the completion of a careful comparative study of all atypoid mygalomorphs. In Figure I I have presented a hypothetical phylogeny of the genus Aliatypus. This speculation is based upon a comparison of character states in living Aliatypus species and related genera. It is.
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Coyle - Genus Aliatypus
FIGURE 1
Figure 1: Suggested phylogeny of Aliatypus species. 1. Character states of hypothetical ancestral stock: No ICS keel or OCS keel. Seminal receptacles with moderately long, sinuous, non-tapering stalks and medium sized bulbs. Posterior sigilla small and well separated. Legs of moderate
length. Thoracic groove a deep pit. Leg I setation as in majority of species. Moderately large body. 2. Seminal receptacle stalks become short and straight. Legs become proportionately shorter. 3. Posterior sigilla enlarge. Thoracic groove lost. Leg I setation changes. 4. Pos- terior sigilla enlarge. Legs become proportionately shorter. Become adapted to dryer habitats. 5. Become adapted to more humid and cooler habitats. 6. ICS keel develops. 7. Seminal receptacle stalks become tapered. 8. Con- ductor tip changes form. Body size reduced. 9. Seminal receptacle stalks
become less elongate and less sinuous. Body size reduced. 10. Body size reduced.
meant to be a useful working hypothesis, subject to revision. Char-
acters which were relied upon most heavily are palpus form, seminal receptacle form, and posterior sigilla size and placement. The actual direction of evolution in some characters may well be the reverse of those suggested. It is certain that Aliatypus contains two distinct groups of closely related species - A. californicus, A. janus, A. iso- lotus, A. aquilonius, and A. gnomus on the one hand and A. tro- phonius, A. erebus, A. plutonis, and A. torridus on the other - and two distinct species, A. gulosus and A. thompsoni, each rather dis- tantly related to all the others.
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434 Psyche [September-December
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION AND SPECIATION
As is the case in Antrodiaetus (Coyle, 197 I ), Atypoides (Coyle, 1968), and probably most other burrowing mygalomorph genera (See, for example, Main, 1957; Loksa, 1966; and Forster and Wilton, 1968.)) there is considerable geographic variation in some species of Al'wtypus. Detailed descriptions of these geographic vari- ation patterns can be found in the Taxonomy section. My purpose here is to consider some of the causes olf these patterns. The environmental tolerance ranges and dispersal ability of a species are key factors in determining what environmental conditions constitute barriers which can fragment and isolate its populations so that genetic divergence can take place. Little pertaining specifically to Aliatypus dispersal can be added to my earler discussion of dis- persal ability in antrodiaetids (Coyle, I 97 I ) . In summary, the prob- ability of successful colonization of distant localities by long distance aerial dispersal is extremely low; aquatic rafting, short distance spiderling dispersal, and male wandering are probably the only im- portant means of dispersal under natural conditions. As in Antro- dwetus and Atypoides, environments with very low humidity, such as deserts or semiarid grasslands, are the outstanding barriers to dispersal and thus gene flow in Aliatypus. However, some species of Aliatypus, notably A. plutonis and A. torridus, are less well restricted by dry barriers than are most other antrodiaetids. The following discussions, although partly speculation, should, like any working hypotheses, help direct 'further research. Frequent refer- ral to Map I will help to understand them. The Central Valley of California, a semiarid grassland in its recent natural state, appears to be a strong barrier to gene flow between coastal and 'Sierran populations of both Aliatypus californicus and AZiatypus erebus. The genetic discontinuity between these popu- lations may even be great enough to merit calling them incipient species. A similar situation exists in Atypoides riversi (Coyle, 1968 and 197 I ) . Apparently, during Pleistocene glacial periods when the climate was wetter and cooler, dispersal of these species occurred across favorable wooded parts of the Central Valley. The recent discovery of isolated A. californicus and A. riversi populations in the Sutter Buttes of the Central Valley indicates that this was once part of such a corridor allowing gene flow across the valley. Similar dis- persals across the Central Valley during Pleistocene glacial periods are also indicated by distribution patterns of the salamander genera Ensatina and Taricha, which, like Aliatypus, require rather mesic habitats (Stebbins, 1949; Riemer, 1958). I suspect that the antro-
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19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 43 5
Map 1. Kn,own distribution ranges of Aliatypus species in relation to present major arid habitat barriers which formed during the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation.
diaetid trans-valley connections existed during the most recent (Wis- consin) glacial period 'and consequently became severed as recently as I 3,000 years ago. Perhaps the A. californicus population at Mari- posa, which is phenotypically more distinct from the coastal popula- tion than is the north Sierran population, was last connected with the coastal population during an earlier glacial period; or perhaps its trans-valley connections were simply severed earlier during the retreat of the last (Wisconsin) glacial period than were those of the north Sierran populations. Perhaps continued expansion of habitat barriers during the present post-glacial period has tended to restrict gene flow between the morphologically divergent northern populations of A. erebus and its south Sierran populations. There is much geographic variation in Aliatypus janus, but the samples are so small and scattered that it is difficult to recognize important barriers to gene flow. The northernmost samples probably
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436 Psyche , ' [September-December
represent the kind of semi-isolated, genetically divergent, peripheral populations found in many species. Aliatypus thonzpsoni variant populations are also at the periphery of the species range, where suitable habitats are probably uncommon and semi-isolated. The Tehachapi Mountains apparently provide (or recently provided) an east-west corridor of favorable habitats for the dispersal of A. janus and A. thowsoni between the southern end of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the coastal mountain ranges. The morphologically
divergent nature of the A. thonzpsoni samples at Tehachapi and in the southern end of the Sierra Nevada Mountains indicates that this corridor is not currently supporting much dispersal. The phenotypic differences between the two known Aliatypus isolatus populations in Arizona are almost certainly caused by the disruption of gene flow after the recent (Wisconsin) glacial period as desert and grassland barriers expanded all over the Southwest to isolate various mesic mountain habitats. Pollen analyses (Martin and Mehringer, I 965 ) demonstrate that during the Wisconsin glacial period (which apparently lasted in that area until about 13,000 years ago), woodland and forest habitats favorable for A. isolatus extended continuously throughout western and northern Arizona. Thus the similar geographic variation patterns in A. isolatus and Antrodiaetus apachecus (Coyle, 1971) probably have a common cause. The extreme similarity of allopatric Aliatypus janus and Aliatypus isolatus, when viewed with Southwest pollen analyses (Martin and Mehringer,
1965) in mind, leads to the conclusion that these two species were formed when a recent interglacial expansion of the Sonoran and Great Basin Deserts severed a previously widespread ancestral population. Convincing evidence that I 7,000 to 23,000 years ago (during the Wisconsin glacial period) woodland extended continuously from current A. isolatus localities to the present range of A. janus, strongly indicates that these sister species may be only 15,000 years or so old. Indeed, it is possible that genetic divergence has not even progressed far enough for the development of repro- ductive isolating mechanisms.
There are three other pairs of closely related Aliatypus species- A. janus and A. aquilonius, A. californicus and A. gnomus, and A. erebus and A. trophonius - which are not as similar as A. jams is to A. isolatus. It is possible that each of these pairs originated from a trio of ancestral speci,es fragmented by arid barriers, such as the present Central Valley, during an earlier Pleistocene interglacial. Interestingly, each of these pairs consists of a large and a small species.
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C o ~ l e ~ Genus Aliaty~s
COLLECTING METHODS
Because of their covert behavior, AZiatypus spiders are rarely col- lected except when one concentrates on special collecting strategies. Banks and slopes of promising habitats (to be described thoroughly in a paper on Aliatypus natural history) are best searched in daylight by carefully examining suitable microhabitat surfaces for the out- line of a closed trapdoor. However, whenever the trapdoors are sealed, such as during dry periods, they may become covered with loose soil particles or other debris; carefully shaving away the top layer of soil may then be the only way to locate burrows. Night collecting is usually less satisfactory than daytime collecting since even unsealed Aliatypus doors are only cracked open at night and not easily located with artificial light. At night it is sometimes pos- sible to trap active spiders at their burrow entrances by thrusting a knife blade into the soil and across the burrow lumen just below the spider, but frequently the soil is too hard. More information can be gained by careful excavation of the burrow in daylight. An army trench shovel, a small, chisel-head, rock hammer, a large pocket knife, and pruning shears are all usemful for excavating in the often hard and root-bound soil.
Penultimate males, easily recognized by their swollen pedipalpal tarsi, will often molt to adulthood if kept in a cool, humid, and dark environment. Just before and during the mating season (usually during the wet fall and winter months) recently matured males may be found in their burrows prior to abandoning them. Wandering males are best collected at night by hand or with pitfall traps in dense burrow aggregations during opti- mum mating weather.
ANALYSIS OF VARIATION
I have examined the taxonomy of Aliatypus by means of an analy- sis of variation nearly identical to the analysis employed in my re- visions of Antrodiaetus (Coyle, I 97 I ) and Atypoides ( Coyle, 1968). Such an analysis largely overcomes difficulties posed by the relatively simple reproductive anatomy, by the instar heterogeneity of adult female samples, and by heightened geographic variation, difficulties which appear to be common to most mygalo'morph spider taxa. The material analyzed consists of 252 adult females and 78 adult males. The sample size for each species is indicated in Tables I and 2. Initially, variation in a large number of qualitative and quantita- tive characters was briefly surveyed, and from these characters the diagnostically most promising were selected and their variation studied
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438 Psyche [September-December
in depth. Variation of the quantitative characters (measurements, meristic characters, and ratios formed from these) was analyzed with the aid of an IBM 360 Model 30 computer. A Fortran IV program directed the computer to calculate the mean and standard deviation of each character for each local population sample of each sex and for certain groupings of local samples into larger in'fraspecific samples or species samples. The computer then compared these samples pair- wise in any desired combination, giving for each character for each comparison a value of the distinctness of the two samples. This "distance" value equals the difference between the means of the two samples divided by the sum of their standard deviations. This variation analysis was performed with the following number of characters: 23 measurements, one meristic character, and 39 ratios for males; 20 measurements, six meristic characters, and 50 ratios for females. The measurements and meristic characters were defined so as to be clearly delimited. Their abbreviations and definitions are as follows (see Figs. 2-7) :
PCA
Figures 2-7: Measurements used in Aliatypus revision. See text for definitions. Figures 8-9 : Macrosetae types. 8 : ensiform. 9 : attenuate. CL
Maximum length of carapace measured as distance (along median longitudinal axis) between lines tangent to anterior- most and posteriormost edges of carapace, with lateral border of carapace in horizontal plane.
PCL
Length of pars cephalica measured as distance 'from anterior edge of thoracic groove along median longitudinal line. CW
Maximum width of carapace along line perpendicular to median longitudinal axis.
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19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 439
IFL
Length of femur I taken as length of straight line connect- ing the proximal and distal points of articulation. All leg and pedipalp segment length measurements were made in side view along retrolateral surface of appendages after removing them from spid~er.
ITL
Length of tibia I taken as length of straight line connect- ing proximal and distal points of articulation. IML Length of metatarsus I taken as length of straight line con- necting proximal point of articulation with distalmost point of segment.
ITarL Length of tarsus I taken as length of straight line connect- ing most proximal exposed point of tarsus with distalmost point of dorsal surface.
IVFL, IVTL, IVML, IVTarL
Leg IV segment lengths meas-
sured in same manner as corresponding leg I segments. PFL
PPL
PTL
PTX
PTT
PED
PCA
SL
sw
PSS
PSL
OQW
ALS
ALD
AMS
Length of pedipalpal femur measured same as IFL. Length of pedipalpal patella measured as straight line dis- tance from proximal to distal end along dorsal surface. Length of pedipalpal tibia measured same as ITL. Distance from proximal point of articulation on tibia to point where PTT line intersects PTL line. Maximum dimameter, taken perpendicular to line defining PTL of pedipalpal tibia in lateral view. Straight line distance from base of embolus to tip of con- ductor.
Maximum distance from PED line to outer edge of OCS along line perpendicular to PED line.
Maximum length of sternum on line parallel to median longitudinal axis. Anterior border of sternum is its pointed anterior extension lateral to labium.
Maximum width of sternum perpendicular to line defining SL.
Minimum distance between posterior sigilla. Maximum diameter of right posterior sigillum. Maximum width of eye group (ocular quadrangle) on line perpendicular to median longitudinal axis of carapace. All eye measurements are made in dorsal view with lateral border of carapace horizontal.
Minimum distance between anterior lateral eyes. Maximum diameter of left anterior lateral eye. Minimum distance between pupils (light colored sauoer- shaped central area of eye) of anterior median eyes.
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440
AMD
EGS
CTP
CTR
CMT
PTS P
PTSR
IMS
Psyche [September-December
Transverse diameter of left anterior median eye pupil. Number of epiandrous gland spigots. These are located just anterior to genital opening on abdomen of adult males. Number of cheliceral teeth in prolateral macrotooth row on left chelicera.
Number of cheliceral teeth in retrolateral row of smaller macroteeth on left chelicera.
Number of cheliceral microteeth between these two rows on left chelicera.
Number of ensiform macrosetae on prolateral surface of tarsus of female pedipalp.
Number of ensiform macrosetae on retrolateral surface of tarsus of female pedipalp.
Number of ensiform macrosetae on metatarsus of leg I of cflemale.
All measurements and counts were performed by myself with the same Wild M-5 stereomicroscope with 20X eyepieces and an eye- piece micrometer scale. The measurements are accurate to one mi- crometer unit for each of the three different powers of magnification used. One micrometer unit had the following values for the 'follow- ing characters: 0.0770 mm for CL; 0.0385 mm for PCL, CW, SL, SW and all leg and pedipalp segment lengths; and 0.0092 mm for PTT, FED, PCA, PSS, PSL, and all eye measurements. A female specimen was included in a population sample only if it was reproductively active (with maturing eggs in abdomen or brood in burrow) or had a longer carapace than the smallest reproductively active female in that sample. Many first adult instar females, a few older adult instar females, and rarely a large immature female make up the portion of a sample which is not reproductively active. MORPHOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
Setae. Postocular setae form a longitudinal row or longitudinal cluster along the m>edian longitudinal axis of the pars cephalica just behind the eye group. A macroseta is a very large seta. Called spines by many authors, these macrosetae are attached to the exoskeleton proper by means of an obvious socket which allows for some move- ment. An ensiform macroseta is one which tapers rather abruptly at its terminal end and is therefore rigid for its entire length (Fig. 8). An attenuate macroseta tapers gradually and is therefore very slender distally (Fig. 9).
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19741 Coy le - Genus AZiatypus 44 1
Palpus. The conductor of the Aliatypus palpus (Fig. 97) consists of an inner conductor sclerite (ICS) and an outer conductor sclerite (OCS) which lies outside and partly cradles the ICS and the em- bolus. The ICS base is forked, with the more well developed of the two branches being called the ftroximal branch. Female genitalia. In Aliatypus the bursa copulatrix, which opens just anterior and ventral to the uterus opening in the epigastric fur- row, is bilobed and weakly sclerotized.
The four semi~zaZ receptacles
(Fig. 163) are functionally paired so that the two on the right side open close to one 'another into the right lobe of the bursa copulatrix and the other two open together into the left lobe. Each seminal receptacle is weakly sclerotized and consists of a narrow stalk and a distal expanded bulb. The seminal receptacle is either homogeneously sclerotized or the bulb is slightly less sclerotized than the stalk. Aliatypus stalks are usually sinuous, frequently even highly looped or coiled. These loops and coils are not confin'ed to a single plane and are often irregular so that the degree of looping or coiling is very difficult to quantify. It is, however, possible to make a rough quanti- tative comparison by counting the number of bends per stalk, as is done in Figure 163, when the stalk is treated as a two-dimensional structure.
Abdominal termites. The anterior portion o'f the abdominal dorsum of Aliatypus is provided with one or more segmentally arranged, rather heavily sclerotized patches which are presumably vestigial ter- gites (Figs.45-49). These tergites are numbered from antlerior to posterior, tergite I, trrgite 11, and te+te III. Tergite I1 is always present in both sexes and is always larger than tergites I or 111. METHODS OF PRESENTATION
Type specimens. The holotypes of all species described in this paper are deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. All paratypes are from the type locality and are labeled as paratypes. The paratypes for each species are deposited in about equal numbers in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the American Museum of Natural History. Quantitative character values are given for each holotype in Table 3.
Key. Whenever quantitative characters are used in the key, the known range of values is used. Proceed cautiously when these ranges are based upon very small samples. Sample size for each spe- cies is given in Tables I and 2.
Diagnoses. Each diagnosis lists, in the approximate order of their usefulness, those characters most useful in identifying a given species.
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442 Psyche [September-December
Proceed cautiously when using diagnoses based upon very small samples. In Tables I and 2 the di'agnostically most useful character values are circled for each species or group of species. Descriptions. The quantitative character values recorded in Tables I and 2 are an essential part of each species description. Each descrip- tion is a composite of all adult specimens at hand. Only characters of at least some diagnostic value are included. Colors are described from fully sclerotized specimens dead 'for two months to six years and immersed in alcohol under strong fluorescent light. Illustrations. Illustrations were carefully drawn in pencil on translucent paper over a squared grid template with the laid of a squared grid reticle in the eyepiece of the Wild M-5 stereomicro- scope. The ~enciled drawings were then traced in ink on heavier paper. Nearly all figures of seminal receptacles are drawn from re- productively active females.
Variation discussions.
For each species, variation of all 63 male quantitative characters, all 76 female quantitative characters, and a number of qualitative characters was examined, land all characters which show marked variation are discussed. The sizes of all popula- tion samples discussed can be 'found in the modified Dice-Leraas dia- grams or in the records section.
Records. Only specimens which 1 have examined are listed. Within each county citation, all records from a given locality arc separated from those of other localities by a dash. Collection dates are listed only for males. When a male symbol is surrounded by parentheses, it means th,at the specimen was collected when immature on the date given and matured later in captivity. When no male or female symbol follows a record, this means that only immatures were collected.
ALIATYPUS Smith, 1908
-4Ziatypus Smith, 1908, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., l(4) : 231. Type species by
monotypy Atypoidcs californica Banks, 1896, Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 4 (4) : 88 - Bonnet, 1955, Bibliographia Araneorum, 2 :225. - Coyle, 1971, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 141(6) : 372. Descriptive diagnosis. Carapace: Figs. 45-53. Thoracic groove a deep pit which varies greatly in shape (from transverse to slightly longitudinal; borders rounded or angular) ; may be absent or re- duced to a shallow depression. A large seta on ocular prominence
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19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 443
between anterior median eyes. Chelicerae: Figs. 39-40, 45-49. Fe- male with row of 6 to 13 macroteeth on prolateral edge; another row of 2 to 7 smaller macroteeth on retrolateral side of closed fang; and 4 to 68 microteeth between these rows. Male also with retro- lateral row of cheliceral teeth. Anterior dorsal outline of chelicerae evenly rounded in both sexes. Female with rastellum. Pedipalbs: Figs. 78-91, 96-120. Femur, patella, and tibia of male very elongate. Male tibia swollen at least ventrally near distal end. Embolus very long and slender. Outer (convex) edge of OCS foldfed over to cradle embolus. ICS extends to but not beyond OCS tip, and is intimately combined distally with OCS. Ridge runs most of length of ICS. Legs: Figs. 92-95. One to 4 (rarely more than I) tricho- bothria dorsally near distal end of metatarsus IV. Male tibia and metatarsus I each with macrosetae distributed in scattered but con- sistent pattern ventrally over most of length. Spinnerets: Figs. 43-44. Three pairs (AL, PM, PL) ; all functional (with spigots). AL spinnerets 2-segmented with at least several spigots clustered at tip of distal segment. PM spinnerets unsegmented. PL spinnerets 3- segmented; distal segment shorter than other two together. Geni- talia: Figs. I 2 I - I 94. Bursa copulatrix bilobed and usually very weakly sclerotized. Seminal receptacles paired, each pair opening into onle lobe of bursa copulatrix. Stalks weakly sclerotized and usually relatively elongate land sinuous. Bulbs as sclerotized or slightly less sclerotized than stalks. Behavior: Burrow entrance a trapdoor. Egg sac pendulous and occludes burrow lumen. The lfollowing features of Antrodiaetus and Atypoides readily dis- tinguish them from Al'iat~pus: Thoracic groove very narrow and longitudinal. No row of large cheliceral teeth on retrolateral side of closed fang. Male pedipalp especially at el la, relatively short. ICS tip distinctly separated from OCS tip. Metatarsus IV with 5 to 21 trichobothria dorsally near distal end. AL spinnerets absent or un- segmented with at most one spinneret apically. Burrow entrance a collar or turret. Egg sac attached to one side of wall and does not occlude burrow lumen.
The following features of the Mecicobothriidae readily distinguish it from Aliatypus: Thoracic groove very narrow and longitudinal. No single large seta between anterior median eyes. No row of large chelioeral teeth on retrolateral side of closed fang. No rastellum. Male pedipalp, especially patella, relatively short. Metatarsus IV with more than 4 trichobothria dorsally near distal end. PL spin- nerets very elongate; distal segment as long or longer than two basal segments combined. Sheet web retreat without trapdoor.
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444 Psyche [September-December
Discussion. As I have said earlier in this paper and before (Coyle, 1971)) Aliatypus may be as closely related to the Mecicobothriidae as to the other antrodiaetid genera, Antrodiaetus and Atypoides. However, it is best to retain Aliatypus within the family Antrodiaeti- dae until a careful comparative study of all atypoid mygalomorph taxa demonstrates otherwise.
As discussed earlier, A. californicus, A. janus, A. isolatus, A. aqui- lonius, and A. gnomus 'form a group of closely related species, A. trophlonius, A. erebus, A. pluionis, and A. torridus form another group of closely related species, and A. guZoxus is quite distinct from all other Aliatypus species.
I will not formally designate species
groups, however, because the placement o'f A. thompsoni, which ap- pears to be intermediate in its relationship to the two groups of spe- cies, would be rather arbitrary.
Key to Species of Aliatypus
Males
I. Palpus unique (Fig. I 10) ; sperm reservoir looped very loosely, and embolus base close to ICS base. Pedipapal tibia (Fig. 85) banana shaped and elongate; PTX/PTL = 0.37-0.45. ........ ...................................................................................... gulosus Palpus otherwise (Figs. 96-109, I 11-120) ; sperm reservoir much more tightly coiled, and embolus base distant from ICS base. Pedipalpal tibia (Figs. 78-84, 86-91) not banana shaped ; PTX/PTL = 0.64-0.82. ................................ 2 2. PSL/PSS = 1.28-2.38. CL/IML = 1.02-1.24. Tibia and metatarsus I (Fig. 93 ) with short ensiform macrosetae and strongly appressed background setae. Thoracic groove nearly always absent or shallow. ............................. thonzpsoni PSL/PSS = 0.14-1.17. CL/IML = 1.37-2.07. Tibia and metatarsus I (Figs. 92, 94-95) with more elongate macrosetae and suberect or erect background setae. Thoracic groove a ............................................................................... deep pit. 3
3. Weakly sclerotized, finger-like extension at tip of conductor (Fig. 106). PTL/PPL = I .03-I .06 and CL/PSS = 4.80- . .
....................................................................... 5.3 I. aquilomus
No such extension at tip of conductor (Figs. 96-105, 107-120). PTL/PPL = 1.10-1.46 or CL/PSS = 5.50-10.34. .......... 4 ........
4. ICS forms at least a weak keel distally (Figs. 96-101 ) 5
Conductor either without a keel (Figs. 102-1 13, I 19-I~o), or, if keel present, then it is an extension of the OCS and is .........................
closer to the conductor tip (Figs. I I 4-1 I 8) 6
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19741 CoyIe - Genus Alwtypus
445
PFL = 3.07-3.54 mm. CL/PPL = I .66-I .67. ICS keel weak and conductor tip quite slender (Fig. 101). ........... gnomus PFL = 4.08-6.73 mm. CL/PPL = 1.33-1.61. ICS keel stronger and conductor tip not as slender (Figs. 96-100). .... .................................................................................. californicus Distal one-fourth of conductor slfender and tapers evenly (Figs. 102-105, 107-IO~), and P'T'X/PTL = 0.73-0.82. .......... 7 Either the distal one-lfourth of conductor at least moderately broad and keel-like and tapers suddenly to point at end (Figs. I 14-1 18), or PTX/PTL = 0.64-0.68. ............................... 8 ....
CL/ALS = 7.70-8.08. Known only from Arizona,. isolatus ..
CL/ALS = 8.70- I I. I I. Known only from California. janus
PTX/PTL = 0.64-0.68. PTL/PPL = 1.31-1.32. Distal half of pedipalpal tibia venter not much more swollen than proxi- mal half (Fig. 9 I ) . Palpus as in Figs. I I 9 and 120. torridus PTX/PTL = 0.72-0.78. PTL/PPL == I .02-I .22. Distal h,alf of pedipalpal tibia venter much more swollen than proxi- ............
ma1 half (Figs. 87-90). Palpus as in Figs. I I 4- I I 8. 9
3.7 mm. Palpus as in Fig. I I 6. ............................ trophonius CL/PCA = 9.17-9.56. CL/AMD = 25.2-34.8. CL = 4.4- 6.6 mm. Palpus as in Figs. I I 4- I I 5. ............................ erebus Females
Seminal receptacle stalks straight and short (Figs. I 5 1-1 54). .... ........................................................................................ gulosus Seminal receptacle stalks sinuous (Figs. 121-150, I 55-194). .. 2 Thoracic groove absent or only a shallow depression (Figs. 52- .............................
53). IMS/PSS = 33.3-1 16.6. thompsoni
Thoracic groove a deep pit (Figs. 47, 49). IMS/PSS = 6.1- 34.7 .......................................................................................... 3 CL/IVTL = 2.29-2.86. S W/PSL = 6. I 9-20.00. PSL/PSS -
............................................................................ - 0.13-0.67. 4
CL/IVTL = 2.88-3.52. SW/PSL = 3.81-6.56. PSL/PSS -
- 0.55-2.00. ............................................................................ 8 AMD/AMS = I .36-I .7 I. Seminal receptacle stalks weakly sinuous (Figs. 149-150). ............................................ gnomus AMD/AMS = 0.39- I .06. Seminal receptacle stalks strongly sinuous ( Figs. I 2 I -I 48) ........................................................ 5
================================================================================
Psyche [September-December
Known only from Arizona. ............................................ isolatus Known only from California. .................................................... 6 ........ IFL/IVFL = 0.96-1.02. ITarL = 0.46-0.80. aquihnius
IFL/IVFL = I .02-I. I 3. IT'arL = 0.92- I .38. .................... 7 Seminal receptacle stalks about equal diameter throughout length (Figs. I 2 1-1 3 I ) ......................................... californicus Seminal receptacle stalks usually much thicker basally than at distal end (Figs. I 32-1 43 ) ............................................. janus IVFL/IVML = I .02-I .08. ............................................ plutonis IVFL/IVML = I. I 1-1.23. ...................................................... 9 IFL = 1.84-2.84. CL/PTSR == 0.98-1.31. Seminal recep- tacle stalks proportionately long and with 3-5 bends; bulbs ..............
small to medium sized (Figs. 172-173).
trophonius
IFL = 3.27-5.38. CL/PTSR = 1.39-3.03. Seminal recep- tacle stalks proportionately shorter, with 1-3 bends; bulbs ....
medium sized to very large (Figs. 174-187, 192-194). 10 .................... CMT = 4-1 I. CL/OQW = 3.43-3.99 torridus .................... CMT I 1-68. CL/OQW == 4.05-4.93. erebus Aliatypus calif ornicus (Banks)
Figures 10-17, 39, 45-48, 54, 65, 78-79, 92, 96-100, 121-131. Map 2. Atypoides californica Banks, 1896, Jour. New York Ent. Soc., 4(4) : 88. Holotype a penultimate male from Black Mountain, California, 23 October, in Museum of Comparative Zoology; examined. Aliatypus californicus: Smith, 1908, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., l(4) : 232. - Cornstock, 1912, The Spider Book, p. 251. - Gertsch, 1949, American Spiders, p. 132. -- Bonnet, 1955, Bibliographia Araneorum, 2 : 225. - Coyle, 1971, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 141 (6) : 372. - Kaston, 1972, How to Know the Spiders, p. 60.
Clomments on the type locality and previous descriptions. Banks (1896) wrote only "Black Mtn., Calif." for the type locality. Other species described in the same paper were collected by the same col- lector (R. W. Doane) from the Palo Alto area. This implies that the type locality of A. californicus is Black Mountain in northwest- ern Santa Clara County. Smith (1908)' who knew Doane well, states confidently that the type was collected on Monte Bello Ridge of this mountain. The following species description is based partly upon a male and a female collected on Montebello Road, presumably very close to the type locality.
Banks' (1896) description is based upon an immature specimen, is brief, and does not include characteristics which distinguish A. californicus from some other Aliatypus species. Smith's (1908) de-
================================================================================
19741 Coyle - Genus Alwtypus 447
scription is more thorough, includes illustrations, and describes a crucial diagnostic feature, the ICS keel. This shows up in Fig. 43.
of Smith's Plate XV. Although Smith correctly states that the pedipalpal tibia is longer than the patella, he erred in drawing it shorter (Smith's Fig. 3, Plate XV). The specimens upon which Smith based his description were placed in the Stanford University collection but have since been lost. Having closely examined the type specimen and Smith's description, I am confident that th'e material upon which the following description is based is conspecific with that described by Banks and Smith.
Diagnosis. Males: The presence of a keel on the ICS together with the shape of the conductor tip (Figs. 96-100) distinguish this species from all others. Closely related A. janus differs from A. californicus in the ratio IML/ITarL (Table I). A. isolatus, also closely related, is distinguished by the ratios IML/ITarL, PPL/ PFL, and PTL/PPL (Table I ) . Any of the other species can be separated from A. californicus with the appropriate ratio selected from the following: CL/IML, CL/PSL, and PTL/PPL (Table I ) . Females : A. calif ornicus females are difficult to distinguish from those of A. janus and A. isolatus. A. californicus seminalreceptacle stalks are of about equal diameter throughout (Figs. I 2 I - I 3 I ) , un- like those of A. janus (Figs. 132-143) and A. isolatus (Figs. 144- 146)
which are much narrower distally than at th'e basal end. In A. isolatus the postocular row of cephalic setae extends to a point one-half or more of the distance from the anterior edge of the cara- -
pace to the thoracic groove ; in A. californicus it extends to a point less than one-half the distance to the thoracic groove. A. aquilonius and A. gnomus, both closely related to A. californicus, can be dis- tinguished from the latter by their small body size (Table 2; espe- cially IT,arL). A. aquilonius has distinctively smaller CL/PTSR and IFL/IVFL values (Table 2) and seminal receptacles with morle swollen stalk bases (Figs. 147-148) than A. californicus (Figs. 121- 131). A. gnomus has a distinctively larger AMD/AMS value (Table 2) and shorter, less sinuous seminal receptacles (Figs. 149- 150) than A. californicus (Figs. 121-131 ). All other species can be separated from A. calif ornicus by either seminal receptacle form or appropriate ratios chosen 'from the following (Table 2) : CL/IFL, CL/ITL, CL/IML, SW/PSL, and PSL/PSS.
Description. See Tables 1-3.
Male: Carapace. Figs. 45-46. Thoracic groove a deep pit; usually rounded anteriorly, elongate, and tapering posteriorly; sometimes nearly circular or triangular. Postocular setae form a narrow longi-
================================================================================
448 Psyche [September-December
tudinal row. Sternum. Fig. 54. Posterior sigilla small to medium sized and well separated. Pedipalps. Figs. 78-79, 96-100. Tibia strongly swollen ventrally near distal end. Embolus base well sep- arated from ICS base. ICS ridge distally develops into thin keel which then disappears so that conductor tip is pointed. Inner (con- cave) edge of OCS nearly smooth to rough. Leg I. Fig. 92. Tibia and metatarsus with ventral, suberect, mostly attenuate macrosetae. Rest of metatarsus setae mostly long, slender, and suberect. Abdo- men.
Figs. 45-46. Tergites I and I11 reduced to small patches or spots at bases of macrosetae. Coloration. Pars th~r~acica light yellow to pale yellow-brown. Pars cephalica darker; light brown to medium brown; darkest along margin and median longitudinal line. Cheli- cerae like pars cephalica. Pedipalpal femur and patella dorsally a darker orange-brown or red-brown.
Females: Carapace. Figs. 47-48. Thoracic groove a relatively small deep pit of varying shape; usually rounded anteriorly and tapered posteriorly ; sometimes circular, elongate-oval, transverse- oval, or triangular.
Postocular setae form narrow row which ex- tends back to a point 5 to almost 1/^ of distance from anterior edge of carapace to thoracic groove. Sternum. Fig. 65. Posterior sigilla small to medium sized and well separated. All or nearly all per- ipheral sternal setae slender; a 'few may be moderately stout. Long- est setae scattered all over sternum, but more abundant anteriorly. Chelicerae. Figs. 39, 47-48. Genitalia. Figs. 121-1 3 I. Seminal re- cep tacle stalks weakly sclerotized, nearly constant diameter through- out length, long, and with 3 to 9 bends (usually 6 to 9 bends). Bulbs relatively small to medium sized, slightly less sclerotized than stalks. Coloration. Pars thoracica light yellow to light grey-yellow. Pars cephalica darker; often especially dark around margin and median longitudinal line; darker parts medium brown to darker red- brown ; lighter parts light yellow-brown to orange-brown. Chelicerae match darker parts of pars cephalica.
Variation. Males: The coastal population samples average con- siderably larger in body part dimensions than the Sierran population samples, with the sharpest discontinuity being in FED, PTT, and ITarL (Fig. 10). Somewhat discontinuous geographic variation is found in the ratios CL/PPL (Fig. I I ) , CL/PTX (Fig. 12), and PPLIPFL. This and weaker variation in other characters show a recurrent pattern : some phenotypic discontinuity between the rather homogeneous coastal populations on the one hand and the Sierran populations on the other; considerable discontinuity between the two Sierran populations, with the coastal populations more similar to the
================================================================================
19741 CoyIe - Genus Aliatypus 449
Martpoaa +3 Mar~posa
C0l0ma COl0ma +
+3
Aukurn ÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔI Aukum +4
coastal -7 coastal +--7
lo 12 1.'3 1.4 1.5 1.6 17 1.b I.& 1. 6 7 1.8 1.9 2.0 ITarL 12 CL/PTX
Mariposa
Coloma +
ÌÔÌÔIÌ A ,anus 25
Aukurn I4 Marlposa -I- 6
cmstal -7 Coloma
- : ' ! ' i d
Aukum ÌÔ1-
11 l3
1.4 1.5 1.6
coastal 35
CL/PPL 13 2.50 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60
CL/ITL
A. janus -25 A. janus 25
Mariposa -6
Mar~posa
Coloma +
Colorna +
-6
Aukum ÌÔIÌ Aukum i3
coastal - 35 coastal 35
t ' : ' : ' l
14
1.30 1.40 1.50 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15
c L/IFL 15 ~FL/EFL
Figures 10-17: Geographic variation of Aliatypus californicus. Map of sample localities and modified Dice-Leraas diagrams. (Horizontal line represents the observed range, vertical
line the mean, open rectangle the
standard deviation,
and number to right of range line the sample size.) 10-12: males. 10: ITarL (in mm) variation. 11: CL/PPL variation. 12: CL/PTX variation. 13-17: females. 13-15: A comparison of coastal A. cal~ornicus, Sierran A. calijornicus, and A. janus. 13: CL/ITL varia- tion. 14: CL/IFL variation. 15 : IFL/IVFL variation. 16 : CL/IVTL variation. 17: IVFL/IVTarL variation.
================================================================================
450 Psyche [September-December
northern Sierran (Coloma-Aukum) population than to the Mariposa population.
Noteworthy geographic variation also occurs in thoracic groove shape, pedipalpal femur shape, and conductor form. Almost all coastal specimens have an elongate thoracic pit which narrows pos- teriorly (Fig. 45). The Coloma-Aukum specimens have roughly circular or slightly transverse pits. The Mariposa specimens have slightly elongate pits which narrow posteriorly and have a roughly triangular shape. Coastal specimens have rather strongly bowed pedipalpal femurs (Fig. 79), Mariposa pedipalpal femurs are less strongly bowed, and Coloma-Aukum ones are nlearly straight (Fig. '78). Most of the Sierran specimens have less well developed ICS keels and relatively wider conductor tips (Figs. 98-100) than do coastal specimens (Figs. 96-97). Howlever, there is considerable variation among Sierran populations, with Coloma males having a rather well developed keel and narrow conductor tip (Fig. 98), and Mariposa males having smaller keels and proportionately wider con- ductor tips (Figs. 99- 100).
Females: There is a moderate amount of geographic variation among the coastal populations. Although some individual population samples (especially the Mt. Diablo and Soquel area samples) are quite different from another sample in a few ratios (Figs. 16-1 7), no population sample is distinct 'from the rest of the entire coastal sample in any character. The three northern Sierran (Coloma- Aukum) specimens are quite similar to the coastal populations in all characters with the exception of seminal receptacle form. Variation in the number of stalk bends in the northern Sierran receptacles (Figs. 127-129) spans the gap between the more sinuous coastal stalks (Figs. 121-125) and the less sinuous Mariposa stalks (Figs. 130-1 3 I ) . Northern Sierran females tend to have proportionately large receptacle bulbs (Figs. 128-129). The Mariposa sample differs rather strongly from the coastal samples in four characters (Figs. 13-15) : IFL/IVFL, IVFL/IVTL, CL/IFL, and CL/ITL. It likewise differs markedly from the northern Sierran sample in these plus a fifth, CL~VTL (Fig. I 6).
In summary, male and female variation patterns indicate that there is little, if any, gene flow between coastal and Sierran populations across the unfavorable Central Valley, that there is little gene flow between the northern and mor~e southern Sierran populations, and that the coastal population is genetically more similar to the northern Sierran populations than to the Mariposa population. I do not feel that the variation discontinuities between coastal populations and the
================================================================================
1974J Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 45 1
Coloma-Aukum population are great enough to indicate that repro- ductive isolation would develop if the populations were brought to- gether. The recent discovery in the Sutter Buttes area of the Central Valley of a moderately large immature female A. caltfornicus (Fig. 126) supports this conclusion by suggesting that gene flow could have occurred rather recently across the Clentral Valley. The female sample from Mariposa is quite divergent from all other A. californicus samples. However, without an analysis of more and larger Sierran sarnplles, I am reluctant to conclude that this Mari- posa population is a different species. It is possible but unlikely that this Mariposa female sample is conspecific with A. janus. The com- puter analysis shows that this sample is more similar to A. jams than to the rest of the entire A. californicus sample. If this popula- tion is conspecific with A. janus, its variation patterns shown in Figures 13-15 could be the result of character displacement with the sympatric A. calif ornicus population. However, the collection of three A. californicus malmes in the same location with the Mariposa females argues strongly against this possibility. Distribution. Mountains and foothills of the San Francisco Bay region, western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and at least one area in the Central Valley (Map 2). Records. CALIFORNIA. COASTAL POPULATIONS : Contra Costa Co. : 0.5 mi. E of South Gate of Mt. Diablo St. Pk., 1300 ft., 3 $ . - Orinda Village. Sun Mateo Co.: Butano State Park, $ . - Huddart Park, $ . Santa Clara Co.: Montebello Rd., 4 mi. W of junc. with Stevens Canyon Rd., 2300 ft., 10 Oct. 197 I, d , 9 . - Mt. Loma Prieta, 9 mi. W of Morgan Hill, 1800 ft., 10 Oct. 1970, d, 4 9 . - Marsh Rd., 0.5 mi. S of Calaveras Reservoir, 900 ft., 7 Oct. 1970, 2 (3') 3 . - Alum Rock Park, 600 ft., I I Oct. I 970, d, 9 ; 23 Oct. 1970, , 3 9 ; 7 $ . <SWa Cruz Co. : 4.5 mi. N of Soquel Center, 300 ft., I 2 Oct. I 97 I, 8, 4 $ ; 2 $ . - Bates Creek, 3 mi. NE of Soquel, 200 ft., 3 $. -Henry Cowell St. Pk., Redwood Loop Nature Trail, 250 ft., Q . - 1.7 mi. W of Felton on Felton Empire Rd., 1000 ft.,
$ . - 4.3 mi. W of Felton on Ice Cream
Grade Rd., 1600 ft. SIERRAN POPULATIONS: El Dorado Co.: Omo Ranch Rd., 1.5 mi. NE of Aukum, 2200 'ft., 9 Nov. 1972, 8, 2 9 . -0.5 mi. SE of Coloma, 750 ft., 8 Nov. 1972, 3d, $. Mariposa Co. : 0.5 mi. NW of Mariposa on rt. 49, 2000 ft., 14 Oct. I 969, (d),
$ ; 8 Oct. 1971, 2d, 39 ; 29.
CENTRAL VALLEY POPULA-
TION: Sutter Co.: Moore Canyon of Sutter Buttes, 4.5 mi. NW of Sutter, 200 ft.
================================================================================
Psyche [September-December
Aliatypus janus new species
Figures 18-24, 55, 66, 83-84, 102-105, 132-143. Map 2. Type specimens and etym~ology.
Holotype male from 5 mi. south
of Hume Lake, Fresno Co., California, 16 October 1973 (W. R. Icenogle). One male and three female paratypes. Janus was the Latin god of gates and doors.
Diagnosis. Males: A. jams is very similar to A. isolatus; CL/ ALS (Table I) is useful in separating these two allopatric species. A. janus is distinct from closely related A. californicus in the absence of an ICS keel
(Figs. 102-105) and in IML/ITarL (Table I). A. janus is distinct from A. aquilonius in palpus tip form (Figs. 102- 105), SW/PSS, CL/PSS, and CL/ALS (Table I). A. janus differs from A. gnomus in CL/ALS, CL/AMD, and body size (Table I ). Sympatric A. erebus differs from A. janus in CL/ PTT, PSL/PSS, CL/IFL (Table I), and palpus form (Figs. 102-105). A tho7np,coni, also sympatric with A. janus, is distinct in PSL/PSS, CL/IML (Table I), thoracic groove form, and leg I setation. Other species can be separated from A. janus with an appropriate ratio from the following (Tablle I ) : CL/ALS, PTX/PTL, and PTT/PTL. Females: The only really helpful character to use in separating A. janus from closely related A. isolatus is SL/SW (Table 2). Only seminal receptacle form ap- pears useful in separating A. janus from closely related A. cdi- fornicus (See A. californicus diagnosis). A. janus has a larger IFL/IVFL, longer ITarL, and more IMS (Table 2) than does A. aquilonius. A. janus is distinct from A. gnomus in AMD/ AMS, IFL/IVFL, body size (Table 2)) and seminal receptacle form (Figs. 132-143). A. janus is distinct from sympatric A. erebus in seminal receptacle form (Figs. I 32-1 43)) CL/PSL, SW/ PSL, and IFL/IVFL (Table 2). A. janus is distinct from sym- patric A. thompsoni in thoracic groove form, seminal receptacle form (Figs. 132-143)) CL/PSS, and PSL/PSS (Table 2). The remaining Aliatypus species can be separated from A. janus by either CL/IFL or IFL/IVFL (Table 2), and by seminal receptacle form (Figs. I 32-143).
Description. See Tables I -3.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep pit; usually roughly triangular or T-shaped.
Postocular setae form moderately long nar- row row. Sternum.
Fig. 55. Posterior sigilla small to medium sized and well separated. Pedipalps. Figs. 83-84, 102-105. Tibia markedly swollen ventrally near distal end. Embolus base distant from ICS
================================================================================
19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 45 3
base. Conductor tapers evenly to narrow tip which is sharp or an- gularly truncate; tip may be bent or straight. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth to somewhat rough.
Leg. I. A few to all ventral
macrosetae on tibia and metatarsus are ensiform; background setae long, slender, not appressed, and very densely distributed. Abdomen. Tergites I and 111 reduced to small patches or spots at bases of macrosetae. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale yellow to light brown. Pars cephalica markedly darker; medium to dark red-brown or chestnut.
Chelicerae usually slightly darker red-brown than pars cephalica. Dorsal surface of pedipalpal patella and tibia same as chelicerae or darker.
Females: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep pit; usually roughly triangular or T-shaped; rarely a transverse furrow, transversely oval, or circular. Postocular setae form a very narrow longitudinal row. Sternum. Fig. 66. Posterior sigilla medium sized and well separated. Great majority of peripheral sternal setae slender; usually a few to many stout ones on anterior-lateral margins. Longest setae scattered over most of sternum, but slightly more abundant anteriorly. Genitalia. Figs. I 32-1 43. Stalks of seminal receptacles very weakly to moderately heavily sclerotized ; almost always much thicker at base than at distal end ; weakly to strongly sinuous (3-9 bends). Bulbs small to medium sized; less sclerotized than stalks. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale yellow to rather dark yellow-gray. Pars cephalica slightly to much darker; pale brown to chestnut; median longitudinal band and posterior border darker than rest. Chelicerae orange- brown, red-brown, or chestnut; slightly darker than dark part of pars cephalica.
Variation. Males: Although the male population samples are very small, they should provide at least an indication of the geographic variation patterns within this species. The strongest geographic variation occurs in pedipalpal tibia shape and conductor tip form. As Figures 18, 21, 83, and 84 indicate, the Yosemite and Briceburg specimens have markedly more elongate and slender pedipalpal tibiae than do the other samples. However, because of a relatively short pedipalpal at el la, the Hume Lake and Sequoia specimens exhibit a PTL/PPL ratio simila,r to the Yosemite and Briceburg specimens and distinct from the other samples (Fig. 19). Although conductor
tip shape varies considerably, the variation is rather continuous and clinal (Figs. 102-105). The Yosemite conductor tips (Fig. 103) are rounded in ventral view and strongly bent dorsad. The Briceburg
conductor tip is very similar except that it is not as strongly bent dorsad. The Benton Station conductor tip is like the Yosemite tips.
================================================================================
Psyche
[September-December
Yosernite . .
Briceburg Ì
Benton Sta.
Hurne L . .
Pinehurst
Sequoia
Glenville
Squaw Flat
Yosemite . .
Briceburg
Benton Sta
Hurne L . .
Pinehurst Ì Ì
Woodlake
Glenville
Squaw Flat
Yosernite
Briceburg
Mammoth L
Hume L
Pinehurst
-9
Woodlake
-3
+3
Sequoia
Glenville
-5
. .
Yosemite
Briceburg
Mammoth L
Hume L -9
Pinehurst
Woodlake
+3
Sequoia
4-3
Glenville
+5
. .
Yosernite
Br~ceburg
Mammoth L a2
Hurne L -9
Pinehurst -3
Woodlahe +3
Sequoia -5
Glenville . .
Yosemite
Briceburg
Benton Sta
Hume L
Pinehurst
. .
Woodlake
Sequoia
Glenville
Squaw Flat .
Yosernite 0.
Briceburg s
Benton Sta
Hurne L
Pinehurst
Woodlake
Sequoia
Glenville
Squaw Flat
Benton Sta
å Yosemite
- Mammoth L
" Briceburg
. Hurne L
- Pinehurst
- Woodlake
' 'Sequoia
- Glenville
å Squaw Flat
Figures 18-24: Geographic variation of Aliatypus jams. Modified Dice- Leraas diagrams and map of sample localities. 18-21: males. 18: CL/PTL variation. 19 : PTL/PPL variation. 20 : IML/ITarL variation. 21 : PTT/ PTL variation. 22-24: females. 22: CLjPSS variation. 23: CL/IVTarL variation. 24: SW/PSL variation.
================================================================================
19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 45 5
The Hume Lake c-nductor tips (Fig. 102)
are blunt or slightly
angularly truncate, and bend dorsad almost as strongly as the Yosemite conductor tips. The Pinehurst conductor tips (Fig. 104) are slightly broader and thicker, are angularly truncate, and bend only very slightly do =sad. The Woodlake, Glenville (Fig. IO~), and Squaw Flat ~~~~~~~~r tips are similar to those at Pinehurst, but are more angularly trum <ate and completely unbent. Rather strong vari ation occurs in the ratio IML/ITarL (Fig. 20), with Yosemite and Brioeburg specimens distinct from Hume Lake and Pinehurst specimens. Tibia and metatarsus I setation varies geographically with Tosemite, Briceburg, Benton 'Station and Hume Lake specimens havi mg 10 to 50 percent of the ventral macrosetae ensiform and relatively long densely distributed background setae. All other specimens have 70 to 100 percent of the ventral macrosetae ensiform, and shorte x-, less erect, less densely distributed background setae. The Yosernite- and Briceburg specimens differ from the rest in that the pars thoracica is not markedly lighter than the pars cephalica. The Yosemite and Benton Station specimens differ from the rest in that the postocular setae extend back to a point at one-half or more of the distance from the anterior edge of the cephalothorax to the thoracic groove.
Females: The female population samples also show a considerable amount of geographic variation, which is not surprising for such a widespread species.
The chief variation pattern is that most samples (Hume Lake, Pinehurst, Woodlake, Sequoia, and Glenville) are quite similar, but that the northern samples (Yosemite, Briceburg, and Mammoth Lakes) do not form as homogeneous a grouping and each differs almost distinctively from most other samples in a few characters. The very small sample sizes limit the strength of any conclusions.
Discontinuous geographic variation in quantitative characters in- volves those ratios incorporating PSS and PSL (Figs. 22 and 24). In these ratios the Mammoth Lakes population, with its smaller, more widely spaced posterior sigilla, is quite divergent. CL/IVTarL (Fig. 23) exhibits rather strong geographic variation with the > - -
Yosemite specimen very divergent. Other quantitative characters exhibit less geographic variation.
Variation in seminal receptacle form is illustrated by Figures 132- 143.
All samples except those from the Yosemite-Briceburg area have very similar seminal receptacles. In both the Yosemite and Briceburg specimens, the stalk base is not much thicker than the distal end, a condition similar to that of A. californicus. Additional
================================================================================
456 Psyche [September-December
noteworthy variation among female samples is as follows: the Mam- moth Lakes, Pinehurst, Woodlake, and Glenville specimens are lighter colored than most specimens from other localities; thle Wood- lake and Glenville specimens have zero to two stout peripheral sternal setae (nearly all other specimens have many more) and fewer post- ocular setae than nearly all other specimens. Variation in both sexes indicates, not surprisingly, that gene flow is restricted in portions of this species' geographic range. Gene flow
between the more northern populations (Yosemite, Briceburg, Ben- ton Station, and Mammoth Lakes) and those to the south may be especially restricted. Possible competition 01- hybridization with A. californicus in the area of sympatry around Mariposa may have an important effect upon the genetics of these northern populations. The Yosemite and Briceburg specimens are especially divergent and may eventually prove to represent a distinct species. Obviously, more and larger samples must be collected in order to obtain an accurate picture of geographic variation and of factors affecting gene flow within this species.
Distribution. Central and southern Sierra Nevada Mountains and part of the 'Coast Range Mountains north of Los Angeles (Map 2). Records. CALIFORNIA. Fresno Go.: Loop road 5 mi. S of Hume Lake, 6000 ft., 16 Oct. 1973, 2d, 99. - Hwy. 245, I mi. E of Pinehurst, 4300 ft., 18 Oct. 1973, 2cf, 3 9. Kern Co.: Glenville, 15 Nov. 1969, & - 10 mi. SW of Glenville, 2 $ . Madera Co.: 7 mi. W of Mammoth Lakes, 8700 ft. 29. Mariposa Co.: near Briceburg, 1300 ft., d. - 4 mi. N of Briceburg on Hwy. 140, 1300 ft.,
9. -Yosemite Nat'l Pk., 3.4 mi. E of Yosemite Cr. bridge on Hwy. 120, about 8000 ft., 10 Aug. 1972, 2 c? . - Yosem- ite Nat'1 Pk., 20 mi. E of Crane Flat on Hwy. 120, about 8000 ft., $ . Mono Co. : Benton Station, 26 Oct. 1941, 8. Tulare Co.: Sequoia Nat'l Pk., Congress trail near General Sherman Tree, 6800 ft., 13-14 Aug. 1972, cf , 5 $ . - 14 mi. N of Woodlake on Hwy. 69, 1200 ft., 10 Nov. 1972,
d, 3 9. Ventura Co.: 5.5 mi. S
Squaw Flat, 29 Nov. 1970, d.
Aliatypus isolatus new species
Figures 56, 67, 80, 107-109, 144-146. Map 3. Type specimens and etymology. Holotype male from Cave Springs Campground, about 9 mi. north of Sedona in Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino Co., Arizona, 19 August 1972 (F. A. Coyle). One male and four female paratypes. The specific name is a Latin adjective meaning isolated.
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19741 Coyle - Genus Alwtypus 45 7
Diagnosis. The geographic range of this species (Map 3) is well separated from those of all other Aliatypus species. Males: Because of its proportionately long metatarsus I, short tarsus I, and short pedipalpal patella, A. isolates is best distinguished from most of its congeners by the ratios IML/ITarL, PPL/PFL, and PTL/PPL (Table I). The palpus structure (Figs. 107-109) of A. isolatus is distinctly different 'from that of most species. CL/ALS (Table I ) is
the best character for distinguishing A. isolatus from closely related A. janus. Females: A. isolatus is extremely similar to A. janus and A. californicus; refer to diagnoses of these species. A. isolatus differs from similar A. aquilonius in having a transverse thoracic pit rather than a rounded or elongate one, and in its larger body size (especially longer tarsi; Table 2). A. isolatus can be separated from A. gn80mus by seminal receptacle form (Figs. I 44- I 46), AMD/AMS and 'CL/AMD (Table 2), and body size (Table 2). CL/IVTL, CL/IFL, and PSL/PSS (Table 2) clearly distinguish A. isolatus from all other species.
Description. Stee Tables 1-3.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep transverse pit or groove. Postocular setae form a relatively long narrow row. Sternum. Fig. 56.
Posterior sigilla small and far apart. Pedipdp. Figs. 80, 107-109. Tibia swollen ventrally near distal end. Embolus base distant from ICS base. Conductor tapers rather evenly to narrow. sharp, angularly truncate tip which is bent. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth.
Leg I. Tibia and metatarsus with all or nearly all ventral macrosetae attenuate; background setae elongate, slender, densely distributed, and not appressed. Abdomen. Tergite I small. Tergite I11 absent. Coloration. Pars cephalica and chelicerae light brown to dark brown; much darker than light grey-yellow pars thoracica. Pedipalps darker than pars cephalica ; medium orange- brown to dark red-brown.
Females: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep transverse pit or groove. Postocular setae row extends to point at least one-half of distance from anterior edge of carapace to thoracic groove. Sternum. Fig. 67. Posterior sigilla small and far apart. Peripheral setae slender. Longest setae scattered all over sternum. Genitalia. Figs. 144-146. Seminal receptacles weakly sclerotized. Base of stalk rela- tively thick and nearly straight. Stalk becomes much narrower distally; long; 4-7 bends ; of ten very irregularly looped. Bulbs small. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale vellow to pale yellow-brown. Pars cephalica darker ; light yellow-brown to medium brown. Chelicerae slightly darker than pars cephalica.
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458 Psyche [September-December
Variation. Males: A comparison of the two small samples of two males each indicates rather strong geographic variation. The Oak Creek Canyon sample has a markedly larger body size (CL = 4.8 mm, -4.9 mm) , a proportionately longer pedipalpal patella (CL/ PPL = 1.53, 1.64), and darker coloration than the Santa Catalina Mountain sample (CL = 3.5 mm, 3.8 mm ; CL/PPL = I .75, 1.77). The conductor tip is proportionately a bit narrower and is bent more strongly (Figs. 107-109) in the Oak Creek Canyon males. Females: No marked geographic variation occurs in any of the ratio characters. The Oak Creek Canyon sample averages larger in body size, but the ranges of the two samples overlap. Seminal receptacle stalks are more irregularly sinuous in the Santa Catalina Mountain sample than in the Oak Creek Canyon sample (Figs. I 44- I 46). The two samples show broadly overlapping color variation. Distribution. Arizona (Map 3).
Records. ARIZONA. Coconino Co.: 0.2 mi. S of Manzanita Camp- grd. in Oak Creek Canyon about 6 mi. N of Sedona, 4400 ft., Q. Cave Springs Campgrd. in Oak Creek Canyon about 9 mi. N of Sedona, 4900 ft., 19 Aug. 1972, 2 d', 4 Q . Pima Co.: Moho Basin Campgrd. in Santa Catalina Mtns., 4500 ft. - 1.5 mi. below Bear Cr. Picnic Area along Hwy. to Mt. Lemon, 5400 ft., 27 March 1970, 2
( d) , 5
9 . - Bear Cr. Picnic Area in Santa Catalina Mtns., 5800 ft. - General Hitchcock Picnic Area in Santa Cata- lina Mtns., 6000 ft.
Aliat~pus aquilonius new species
Figures 57, 68, 81, 106, 147-148. Map 2. Type specimens and etymology. Holotype male from Grizzly Creek Redwoods State Park, Humboldt Co., California, 8 August 1972 (F. A. Coyle). One male and 14 female paratypes. The specific name is a Latin adjective meaning northern. Diagnosis.
Males: The weakly sclerotized, finger-like extension at the tip of the palpus (Fig. 106)
is distinctive.
The pedipalpal
patella is proportionately long (Fig. 81), so that appropriate ratios from among the following distinguish A. aquilonius from any other species (Table I) : PTL/PPL, PPL/PFL, CL/PPL, CL/ PSS, SW/PSS. A. aquilonius males are markedly smaller than those of coastal A. californicus and some other species (Table I ). Females : The following characters best distinguish A. aquilonius from similar species: smaller AMD/AMS (Table 2) and more strongly coiled seminal receptacle stalks (Figs. I 47-1 48) than in
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19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 459
A. gnomus; smaller CL/PTSR and IFL/IVFL (Table 2) than in A. californicus; smaller IFL/IVFL and fewer IMS (Table 2) than in A. janus; fewer IMS and smaller CL/ITL (Table 2) than in A. isolatus. Because of its small widely spaced posterior sigilla (Fig. 68) and proportionately long tibia IV, A. aquilonius is easily separated from the rest of the species by thle following characters (Table 2) : CL/IVTL, CL/PSS, CL/PSL, SW/PSS, SW/PSL, and PSL/PSS.
Description. See Tables 1-3.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep longitudinal groove or a deep rounded pit. Postocular setae form a relatively short and narrow longitudinal band. Sternum. Fig. 57. Posterior sigilla faint, small, and 'far apart. Pedipalp. Figs. 81, 106. Distal half of tibia ventrally moderately swollen. Embolus base distant from ICS base. Palpus tipped with weakly sclerotized finger-like extension. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth. Leg I. Tibia and metatarsus with most of ventral macrosetae attenuate; background setae long, slender, erect, and rather sparsely distributed. Abdomen. Tergites I and I11 reduced to small patches or spots at bases of macrosetae. Coloration. Cephalothorax and chlelicerae nearly homogeneous light yellow-brown. Pedipalps slightly darker.
Females: Carapace. Thora,cic groove a deep pit; circular, irregular, or longitudinal. Postocular setae few; form a moderately long, roughly single row. Sternum. Fig. 68. Posterior sigilla small and far apart. Peripheral setae slender. Longest setae absent from large central area. Genitalia. Figs. I 47- I 48. Seminal receptacles very weakly sclerotized. Base of stalk relatively thick, elongate, and nearly straight. Stalk long, becomes much narrower distally, 3-6 bends. Bulbs very small. Cloloration. Cephalothorax homogeneous light yellow-brown. Chelicerae darker light brown to medium brown. Variation. There is very little va,riation among the four males. Females: The Grizzly Creek sample (n = 12) has a markedly larger mean body size ('CL = 4.60 å .74 mm ; range = 3.4 mm-5.8 mm) than the Redway sample (n 14) (CL = 3.40 å -41 mm ; range -
- 2.8 mm-4.1 mm). Generally, the larger the specimen the more heavily scl'erotized and elongate the posterior sigilla; the posterior sigilla are round in the smallest specimens and twice as long as wide in the largest specimens. There is continuous variation in the degree of coiling of seminal receptacles; all specimens fall between, or are similar to, the conditions illustrated by Figures 147 and 148. Distribution. Humboldt Co. in northwestern California (Map 2).
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460 Psyche [September-December
Records. CALIFORNIA. Hum boldt Co. : Grizzly Creek Redwoods St. Pk., 400 ft., 8 Aug. 1972, 2(d), 129. - 1.4 mi. W of Red- way on road to Briceland, 400 ft., 7 Aug. 1972, ( d" ), 14 $ . -2 mi. W of Briceland, 400 ft., 15 Sept. 1971, d, ? . Aliatypus gnomus new species
Figures 49, 58, 69, 82, 101, 149-150. Map 2. Type specimens and etymology. Holotype male from Henry Covvell Redwoods State Park, Santa Cruz Co., California, 3 August 1972 (F. A. Coyle). One male and four female paratypes. The specific name is a Latin noun meaning dwarf. Diagnosis. Males: At least one of the following ratios (Table I ) will separate this species from any one of the other species: CL/PPL, CL/PSL, PSL/PSS, and PTL/PPL. The palpus, with an ICS keel and a slender conductor tip (Fig. IQI), is quite distinct from that of all species. The ICS keel is narrower and the conductor tip more slender than in closely related A. californicus. These palpus features, CL/PPL, 'CL/PSL, and body size (Table I ) are the best characters for separating A. gnomus from A. californicus. In all of these characters, A. gnomus is more distinct 'from coastal A. calk fornicus populations than from the Sierran A. californicus popula- tions. Females: A. gnomus has distinctively large, close set AME's, so that one ratio, AMD/AMS (Table 2), clearly separates this species from all other species. Also, the weakly sinuous seminal receptacles (Figs. 149-1 50) are distinctive. A. gn~omus is distinctively smaller (Table 2) than most other species. Description. See Tables 1-3.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep rounded pit. Post- ocular setae form rather short narrow row which is broadest an- teriorly. Sternum. Fig. 58. Posterior sigilla small and far apart. Pedipalp. Figs. 82, 101. Distal half of tibia ventrally swollen. Embolus base distant from ICS base. ICS with a thin narrow keel distally. Conductor tip slender and tapers evenly to fine point. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth. Leg I. Tibia and metatarsus with most of ventral macrosetae attenuate ; background setae long, slender, moderately densely distributed and more or less appressed on tibia but suberect on metatarsus. Abdomen.
Tergites I, 11, and I11 all well
developed ; I1 largest. Coloration. Pars cephalica and chelicerae pale brown. Pars thoracica pale yellow. Pedipalps darker than pars cephalica.
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19741 CoyZe - Genus A Ziwtypus 46 1
Females: Carapace. Fig. 49. Thoracic groove a deep circular or longitudinally oval pit. Three or four large postocular setae form single, moderately long, row; sometimes additional tiny setae. AME's relatively large and separated by less than diameter. Sternum. Fig. 69. Posterior sigilla small and far apart. Peripheral setae slender. Longest setae less common centrally than toward the pe- riphery. Genitalia. Figs. I 49-1 50. Seminal receptacle stalks ex- tremely weakly sclerotized, weakly sinuous ( 1-4 weak bends), and same diameter throughout length. Bulbs almost transparent and proportionately small to medium shed. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale yellow. Pars cephalica and chelicerae a darker pale brown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Map 2). Record. CALIFORNIA. Santa Cruz Co. : Henry Cowell Redwood St. Pk., along Hwy. 9, 3.3 mi. S of Felton center, 400 ft., 3 Aug. 1972,2( 6'1, 49.
-4liatypus gulosus new species
Type specimens and etymology.
Holotype male from Salt Creek,
I .5 miles north of Dana Point, Orange Co., California, 6 December I 968 ( W. R. Icenogle) . Three males and I 7 female paratypes. The species name is a Latin adjective meaning gluttonous. Diagnosis. Males: The palpus (Fig. I 10) of A. gdosus is dis- tinctively different from that of all other species. The very loosely looped sperm reservoir, the closeness of the embolus base to the ICS base, the jagged, serrate inner (concave) edge of the OCS, and the evenly tapered conductor tip are some of the more distinctivle palpus features. The distinctive, long banana shape of the pedipalpal tibia (Fig. 85) is expressed quantitatively by the excellent diagnostic ratios (Table I ) PTX/PTL and PTL/PPL. Females: The semi- nal receptacles (Figs. 151-154) of A. gulosus are distinctively dif- ferent from those of all other specifes. The stalks are short and straight and the bulbs are relatively large. The appropriate ratio selected from among the following will clearly distinguish A. gulosus from any other species (Table 2) : CL/IFL, CL/IML, CL/PSS, SW/PSS, SW/PSL, PISL/PSS, and IMS/PSS. Any of the last five ratios distinguish A. gulosus, with its small, widely spaced pos- terior sigilla, from the other southern California species (A. thomp- soni, A. plutonis, and A. torridus).
Description. See Tables 1-3.
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462 Psyche [September-December
Chatsworth Chatsworth
Crescents Park . Crescents Park .
Sierra Madre Sierra Madre
Eaton Can -7 Eaton Can. -- 7
Salt Cr 17 Salt Cr
- 17
I
25
1.60 1.70 1.80 1.70 1.80 1.90
26
CL/LYFL CL/IFL
Figures 25-26: Geographic variation of Aliatypus qulosus females. Modified Dice-Leraas diagrams. 25 : CL/IVFL variation. 26 : CL/IFL variation.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep, roughly circular pit. Postocular setae form a. roughly triangular grouping. Sternum. Fig. 59. Posterior sigilla small and well separated. Pedipalps. Figs. 85, no. Tibia banana shaped. Sperm reservoir large and loosely looped. Embolus base very close to ICS base. Distal half of conductor tapers evenly to tip. Inner (concave) edge of OCS with minute jagged serrations. Leg. I. Very similar to A. plutonis leg I in proportions and setation.
Most ventral macrosetae on tibia and
metatarsus are ensiform. Abdomen. Tergite~ I, 11, and I11 all well developed; I1 largest and I smallest; sometimes I1 and I11 are fused together or nearly so. Coloration. Carapace light yellow-brown to medium red-brown ; margins of pars cephalica of ten slightly darker. Chelicerae like lightest parts of carapace or slightly darker. Pedi- palps dorsally like lightest parts of carapace or lighter. Females: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep transverse pit; slightly to much wider than long. Postocular sietae form a roughly double row. Sternum. Fig. 70. Posterior sigilla rather small and far apart. Usually, all or most peripheral sternal setae slender; stout setae most likely found near anterior-lateral margins of sternum. Longest setae scattered rather evenly over sternum. Genitalia. Figs. I 5 1-1 54. Seminal receptacles very weakly sclerotized. Stalks short and straight. Bulbs relatively large. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale yellow to medium brown. Pars cephalica centrally about same color; darker (light brown to chestnut brown) around margin. Chelicerae like darker portion of pars cephalica.
Variation. While the total male sample (one male from Eaton Canyon and five from Salt Creek) is remarkably homogeneous in all characters, the female samples exhibit patterns of geographic variation which indicate some limitation to gene flow between the Salt Creek and the Los Angeles area populations. Females: Three characters exhibit marked geographic variation. The Salt Creek and Eaton Canyon samples differ somewhat markedly in two ratios, CL/IFL and CL/IVFL (Figs. 25-26). Also, Salt Creek specimens possess
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19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 463
fewer stout peripheral sternal setae than most Los Angeles area specimens; a few of the latter possess many stout setae scattered along the entire sternal margin. The Chatsworth specimen is markedly variant. All its peripheral sternal setae are stout, the very long sternal setae are almost completely limited to the anterior half of the sternum, the sternum is exceptionally wide (SL/SW 1.02)) and femur I is longer than femur IV (IFL/IVFL = 1.05). Some minor and non-geographic variation occurs in the relative positions of the seminal receptacles (Figs. I 5 I - I 54). Distribution. The Los Angeles Basin of southern California (Map 2).
Records. CALIFORNIA. Los Angeles Co.: Eaton Canyon Park, 3 Jan. 1965, d ; 7 9 . - Sierra Madre, Bailey Canyon, Q . - Crescenta Valley Park, 9 . - Chatsworth, $ . Orange Co. : Salt Creek, I .5 mi. N of Dana Point, 60 ft., 6 Dec. 1968, 2 d , 4 9 ; 5 Sept. 1969, d; 12 Nov. 1969, d; 139.
Aliatypus thompsoni new species
Figures 27-33, 40-44, 50-53, 60, 71-73, 86, 93, 111-113, 155-171. Map 4.
Type specimens and etymology. Holotype male from Chatsworth, Los Angeles Co., California, 25 November 1967 (M. E. Thompson). Three male and 15 'female paratypes. This species is named after Me1 Thompson, who has collected most of the male specimens studied. Diagnosis. Males: A. thompsoni is distinct from all other species in two ratio characters (Table I), PSL/PSS and CL/IML. The postcerior sigilla are large, faint, and closely spaced (Fig. 60) and
metatarsus I is relatively long (Fig. 93). The relatively short ventral macrosetae, all of which are ensiform, and the appressed 'background setae of tibia and metatarsus I (Fig. 93) are also distinctive. The thoracic groove is nearly always absent or shallow (Figs. 50-51). Females: Unlike all other species, A. thompsoni females either have no thoracic groove or only a shallow vestige (Figs. 52-53). The
small PSS (Table 2 ; Figs. 7 1-73) distinguishes this species from all others except A. trophlonius. The large numbers of PTSR and IMS (Table 2) distinguish this species from many others. An appropriate ratio from among the following will distinguish A. thompsoni from any other species: CL/PSS, SW/PSS, and IMS/PSS (Table 2). A. thompsoni seminal receptacles (Figs. I 55-1 7 I ) , with their long, many-looped, non-tapered stalks and relatively small to medium sized bulbs, are diagnostically useful.
Description. See Tables 1-3.
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464 Psyche [September-December
Males: Carapace. Figs. 50-5 I. Thoracic groove absent, a slight double longitudinal depression, or a shallow double longitudinal pit. Postocular setae form a short narrow longitudinal row. Sternum. Fig. 60.
Posterior sigilla faint, large, and close to one another. Pedipalps.
Figs. 86, I I I - I I 3. Tibia strongly swollen ventrally near distal end. Embolus base distant from ICS base. Conductor tip shaped like knife blade tip. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth to moderately rough. Leg I. Fig. 93. Tibia and metatarsus with v,entral, erect to suberect, relatively short, ensiform macrosetae ; nearly all rest of setae appressed. Abdomen. Tergites I and 111 much smaller than tergite 11; usually reduced to small patches or spots at bases of macrosetae. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale yellow to pale yellow-brown. Pars cephalica darker; pale brown to medium brown. Chelicerae dorsally similar to or slightly darker than pars cephalica. Pedipalps dorsally vary from pars thoracica color to cheliceral color; sometimes with orange or red tint. Females: Carapace. Figs. 52-53. Thoracic groove absent or vesti- gial; i'f latter, it is usually a shallow depression or rarely a shallow rounded pit. 2-5 postocular setae form a very narrow longitudinal row. Sternum. Figs. 7 1-73. Posterior sigilla faint, often irregularly shaped, large, and very close together. Peripheral sternal setae all slender; sometimes a few to many anterior-lateral ones stout. Longest setae scattered over most of sternum. Chelicerae. Fig. 40. Genitalia. Figs. I 55- I 7 I. Seminal receptacles extremely weakly sclerotized. Stalks very long, nearly same diameter throughout length and strongly looped (4-1 I bends), sometimes irregularly. Bulbs small to medium sized. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale ell ow to yellow. Pars cephalica darker (at least around margins and median longi- tudinal line) ; light yellow to light brown. Chelicerae darker than pars ce~halica; light brown or light orange-brown to medium red- brown.
Variation. Males: Several male characters show strong geographic variation. Two variation patterns are common: often the Sierra Madre and Henninger Flats samples are similar to one another and divergent from the rest; sometimes the Tehachapi Mountain sample is divergent.
The Henninger Flats males are smaller than any others and the Tehachapi Mountain sample exhibits the largest body size average, but body size values in the other samples fill the gap between these two extremes (Fig. 27). The sternum is markedly broader (Fig. 30) and the pars cephalica is distinctly more elongate (Figs. 28, 50-5 I ) in the Sierra Madre and Henninger Flats samples than in all others.
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19741 CoyZe - Genus Aliatypus 465
Tehachapi 4
Placenta ÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔ
Chatsworth
Pac Palisades
ÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔIÌ
as Barras Can 2
Henninger F ~+.4
Sierra Madre
4
2 7
3.5 4.0 4.5 5 0
c L
Tehachapi +A
Placenta
Chatsworth
+3
Pac. Palisades
-4
Las Barras Can. . -
Henninger F
S'erra Madre
+4
Tehachapi -4
Placenta
Chatsworth
+3
Pac. Palisades
-4-4
Las Barras Can . .
Henninger F +4
Sierra Madre
Tehachapi
Placerita
+4
t3
Chatsworth
Pac Palisades
-+-----A
Las Barras Can . .
Henninger F + 4
Sierra Madre
A janus
Mariposa
KernviIIe
Tehachapi
Squaw Flat
Santa Ynez
Placenta
Chatsworth
Limekiln Can
Pac Palisades
Baldwin Hills
Las Barras Can
Henninger F
Eaton Can
Sierra Madre
Kemville
Tehachapi
Squaw Flat
Santa Ynez
Placenta
Chatsworth
Limekiln Can.
Pac Palisades
Baldwin Hills
Las Barras Can.
A. janus 25 knninger F ~- 12
Mariposa -7 Eaton can. -8
A. thompsoni 66 Sierra Madre
33
I o 12.0 , 160 ' 20.0 ' 32 I.& ' 1.60 , 2.b ' 2,ho CL/PSL CL/SW
Figures 27-32: Geographic variation of Aliatypus thompsoni. Modified Dice-Leraas diagrams and map of sample localities. 27-30: males. 27: CL (in mm) variation. 28: CL/PCL variation. 29: CL/ITL variation. 30: ' CL/SW variation. 31-32: females. 31: CL/PCL variation compared with that of A. jams and the enigatic Mariposa population. 32: CL/SW variation. Figure 33 : Modified Dice-Leraas diagram showing CL/PSL variation of females of Aliatypus thompsoni, A. janus, and the enigmatic Mariposa population.
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466 Psyche [September-December
Thoracic groove form is correlated with pars cephalica shape. Those specimens (Sierra Madre and Henninger Flats) with an exception- ally elongate pars cephalica lack any vestige of a thoracic groove (Fig. 51). Specimens with a more normal pars cephalica possess at least a vestigial thoracic groove in the form of a shallow depression (Fig. 50). Tehachapi Mountain specimens have slightly to markedly deeper thoracic grooves than other specimens. Tehachapi Mountain males have two or three trichobothria dor- sally near the distal end of metatarsus IV. All other A. thompsoni males as well as all other Aliatypus males have only one tricho- bothrium in that position. Variation in palpus conductor tip form is illustrated by Figures I I I to I 13. The Tehachapi Mountain con- ductor tips (Fig. I 1 I) are slightly but consistently different from those in all other samples. Tehachapi Mountain males tend to have a darker pars cephalica and chelicerae, and redder pedipalps than do other specimens. The Las Barras Canyon specimens have noticeably more elongate legs (Fig. 29) than most others. Females: A few 'female characters exhibit strong geographic vari- ation. These are characters which also vary strongly in the male sample, and the geographic patterns of these variations are like those in the male sample.
The pars cephalica is markedly more elongate in the Sierra Madre, Eaton Canyon, and Henninger Flats samples than in all other sam- ples (Figs. 3 I, 52-53). These same three southeastern samples have on the average a considerably broader sternum than most other sam- ples (Figs. 32, 71-73). The thoracic groove is complet,ely absent in these three samples with an elongate pars cephalica (Fig. 53), and is only a faint depression
(slightly more heavily sclerotized than its immediate surroundings)
(Fig. 52) in all other samples except the Tehachapi Mountain and Kernville samples. These latter specimens have a slightly deeper depression or a shallow pit. The Tehachapi Mountain and Kernville specimens have two to four trichobothria dorsally near the distal end of metatarsus IV. All other females of A. thompsoni and all other Aliatypus species have only one such trichobothrium. Variation in seminal receptacle form is illustrated by Figures 155 to 171. The Tehachapi Mountain and Kernville specimens have shorter receptacle stalks and fewer loops per stalk than other specimens elsewhere. The centrally located popu- lations (Baldwin Hills, Pacific Palisades, Las Barras Canyon, Lime- kiln Canyon, Chatsworth, and Placerita) all have a dense cluster of short stout setae at the anterior median edge of the carapace, while
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19741 CoyIe - Genus Aliatypus
467
all other populations have at most only a few very small or moder- ately stout setae here.
The similar geographic variation patterns 'for both sexes of A. fhomp~oni indicate two areas of reduced gene flow; one between the northeastern populations (Tehachapi Mountain and Kernville) and thje rest of the species, and the other between the southeastern popu- lations (Sierra Madre, Eaton Canyon, and Henninger Flats) and the rest of the species. In the former area it is likely that there is a paucity of suitable habitats. It is not as apparent why there might be reduced gene flow in the latter area. One female that was col- lected with the Tehachapi Mountain population looks suspiciously like a product of interbreeding between A. thompsoni and A. torridus or A. plutonis, If hybridization has occurred in this area, it could be responsible for some of the variant nature of the Tehachapi and Kernville populations.
A possible central Sierran population of A. thompsoni. Seven Aliatypus females with only a faint depression for a thoracic groove were collected at Mariposa, California (0.5 mi. north of town limits on Hwy. 49). These are similar to A. thompsoni in all characters execpt posterior sigilla size and separation and PTSR. The posterior sigilla of the Mariposa sample are markedly smaller (Fig. 33) and farther apart than in A. thompsoni. The PTSR of thle Mariposa sample ranges from four to six with a mean of 4.3, while that of A. thompsoni ranges from five to eight with a mean of 6.2. Except for CL/PCL (Fig. 3 I) and the condition of the thoracic groove, this sample is even more similar to the s~mpatric species, A. janus. It is less similar to sympatric A. californicus and very unlike syrn- patric A. erebus.
There are a number of possible explanations for this situation. Perhaps this Mariposa sample is conspecific with A. thompsoni. Per- haps it is a reproductively isolated northern derivative of A, thomp- soni. Perhaps it is a variant population of A. janus which has undergone a drastic shift in pars cephalica and thoracic groove struc- ture. Perhaps it is a product of hybridization between A. thompsoni and A. janus. Intensive field work in the Mariposa area is required to solve this problem.
Distribution.
Foothills of the Los Angeles area north into the Santa Ynez Mountains in the west and the southern end of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in the east (Map 4). Records. CALIFORNIA. Kern Co.: Piute Mtns. S of Kernville, $2. along Water Canyon Rd., 4500-5500 ft., Tehachapi Mtns. S o'f
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468 Psyche [September-December
Tehachapi, 7 Sept. 1967, (<5) ; 10 Oct. 1968, 2 d, 2 Q ; 16 Jan. 1970, d ; 9. Los Angeles Co.: Sierra Madre, 900 ft., 4 Feb. 1973, 3 ; $ . -Eaton Canyon Park near Altadena, 8 Q . - Henninger Flats near Altadena, 15 Nov. 1968, 2 d , 2 Q ; 10 Jan. 1968, d" ; 16 Jan. 1970, d ; 10 Q. -Las Barras Canyon, 2 mi. SE of Tujunga, 1500 ft., 12 Oct. 1972, 2 d, 9 . - Baldwin Hills, 2 $2 . - Pacific Palisades, Feb. I 945, 8,
9 . - Chatsworth, 1000-1 200
ft., 2 Oct. 1966, d ; 9 Oct. 1966, d, 2 ? ; 28 Oct. 1967, 6, ; 25 Nov. 1967, d, 3 9 ; g . - Limekiln 'Canyon, 2.5 mi. NW of Granada Hills, 1300 ft., 3 Q. - Plaoerita Canyon St. Pk., 31 Oct. 1968, 3 8, 5 Q ; 6 9. Santa Barbara Co.: Santa Ynez Mtns., Stagecoach Rd., 200 yds. W of junc. with Hwy. 154, 2200 ft., 5 Q. - Santa Ynez Mtns., Paradise Rd. 2.1 mi. E of junc. with Hwy. 154, Q . Ventura Co.: 5 mi. S of Squaw Flat, 2 Q . Aliatypus trophonius new species
Figures 61, 74, 87, 95, I 16, 172-173. Map 4. Type specimens and etymology. Holotype male from 4.5 mi. north of Soquel, Santa Cruz Co., California, 13 October 1971 (W. R. lcenogle). One male and nine female paratypes. Trophonius was a Boetian oracular god who snatched inquirers underground to give them revelations.
Diagnosis. Males: The palpus of this species (Fig. I 16) is quite different from that of all other species, except A. erebus and A. plutonis. The OCS is quite broad to near the tip where it suddenly tapers to a fine point. Because of proportionately short appendage articles, a strongly swollen pedipalpal tibia (Fig. 87), and relatively large close-set anterior median eyes, any one of the following ratios (Table I) will separate A, trophonius from nearly all other species: CL/IFL, CL/ITL, CL/IML, CL/PPL, PTT/PTL, CL/PTT, CL/AMD. A. trophonius is small, so that many dimensions, espe- cially PFL and PTL (Table I) are useful diagnostically. The most similar species, A. erebus, can be separat,ed from A. trophonius best with the following ratios (Table I) CL/PCA, CL/ITarL, and CL/AMD. Also, A. trophonius has a proportionately shorter prox- imal branch of the ICS base
(Fig. I 16) and a relatively broader
conductor just proximal to the conductor tip than does A. erebus. Females: A. trophonius has relatively short leg I articles and rela- tively large, close spaced, posterior sigilla, so that it can be separated from any species by using the appropriate ratio from among the following (Table 2) : IFL/IVFL, CL/IFL, CL/ITL, CL/IML,
================================================================================
19741 Coyle -- Genus Aliatypus 469
SW/PSS, SW/PSL, and PSL/PSS.
Small A. trophonius is easily
separated from large specks by IFL, ITL, and IML (Table 2). Closely related A. erebus can be distinguished from A. trophonius by the ratios (Table 2) CL/IMS, CL/AMD, and CL/PTSR, by body size (CL and other measurements in Table 2), and by the proportionatlely longer A. trophonius seminal receptacle stalks with more bends and relatively smaller bulbs (Figs. I 72-1 73 ) . A. tro- phonius seminal receptacles are also markedly different from those of several other species.
Description. See Tables 1-3.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep circular to elongate- oval pit. Postocular setae form roughly triangular grouping. Ster- num.
Fig. 61. Posterior sigilla medium sized and rather well sep- arated. Pedipalps. Figs. 87, 116. Articles relatively short. Tibia greatly swollen ventrally, especially near distal end. Embolus base well separated from ICS base. OCS broad to near its tip where it suddenly tapers to fine point. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth. Leg I. Fig. 95. Majority of ventral macrosetae on tibia and meta- tarsus are ensiform; background setae fairly sparse, long and slender, more erect on metatarsus. Abdomen.
Tergites I and I11 reduced to
spots at bases of macrosetae. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale yellow. Pars cephalica darker; light brown to medium brown around mar- gins and along median longitudinal line, lighter elsewhere. Chelicerae and pedipalps dorsally like pars cephalica. Females: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep pit; roughly circular or slightly transverse. Postocular setae form longitudinal triangular band. Sternum. Fig. 74. Posterior sigilla moderately large and somewhat elongate. Peripheral sternal setae slender. Longest setae scattered rather evenly over sternum. Genitalia. Figs. I 72-1 73. Stalks of seminal receptacles very weakly sclerotized, only slightly more sclerotized than bulbs. Stalks moderately long and slender ; about same diameter throughout length; with 3 to 5 bends. Bulbs proportionately small to medium sized. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale yellow to pale yellow-brown. Pars cephalica darker; light brown to medium red-brown around margins and along median longitudinal line, lighter elsewhere. Chelicerale like darkest part of pars cephalica. Distribution. Known only from the low foothills of the Coast Range just west and south of San Francisco Bay (Map 4). Records. CALIFORNIA. San Francisco Co.: San Francisco, 9 . Santa Cruz Co.: 4.5 mi. N of Soquel center on Soquel-San Jose Rd., 300 ft., 13 Oct. 1971, 2 d\ 9 9.
================================================================================
Psyche [September-December
Aliatypus erebus new species
Figures 34-38, 62, 75, 88, 114-115, 174-187. Map 4. Type specimens and etymology . Holotype male from Fossil Ridge on south side of Mt. Diablo, Alameda Co., California, 24 November to 5 December, 1970 (W. E. Azevedo). Three male and two fe- male paratypes. Erebus was the Latin god of darkness. Diagnosis. Males: Th,e ratios CL/PED and CL/PCA (Table I) will separate A. erebus males from those of the closely related species, A. trophonius, A. plutonis, and A. torridus. For other characters useful in separating A. erebus from each of th,ese species, see their diagnoses. A. erebus' conductor form (Figs. I I 4-1 I 5) and strongly swollen pedipalpal tibia (Fig. 88) are distinct from that of most other species. The ratios PTT/PTL, CL/ITarL, CL/IFL, CL/ PED, and CL/PSL (Table I) best distinguish A. erebus from the less closely related species. Females: A. erebus' seminal receptacles, with large bulbs and short stalks with normally only two (at most three) bends (Figs. 174-187), are distinct from those of all species except A. torridus. CL/PSL, SW/PSL, or PSL/PSS (Table 2) will separate A. erebus specimens nicely from distantly related spe- cies. CL/IMS, IMS/PSS, CL/PTSR, PTSR, or IMS (Table 2) distinguish A. erebus from A. thompsoni. CL/IMS, CL/AMD, CL/PTSR, CL, and IVTarL (Table 2) distinguish A. erebus from closely related A. trophonius. IVFL/IVML and CMT (Table 2) best distinguish A. erebus from closely related A. plutonis. CMT, CL/OQW, CL/CMT, and IMS/CMT (Table 2) are the most helpful characters when separating A. erebus specimens from those of very similar A. torridus.
Description. See Tables 1-3.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep circular or elongate oval pit; somewhat narrowed posteriorly. Postocular setae numerous and form a roughly triangular grouping. Sternum. Fig. 62. Pos- terior sigilla large and well separated. Pedipalps. Figs. 88, I 14-1 15. Pedipalpal tibia robust; greatly swollen ventrally near distal end. Embolus base well separated from ICS base. Proximal branch of ICS base elongate. OCS rather broad to near its end where it quickly tapers to a fine point. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth to very rough. Leg I. Ventral tibia and metatarsal macrosetae attenuate and ensiform; background setae rather elongate and not closely appressed. Abdomen. Tergites I and I11 reduced to patches or spots at bases of macrosetae. Coloration. Pars thoracica grey- yellow. Pars cephalica markedly darker; medium brown to dark
================================================================================
19741 Coyle - Genus Aliutypus 47 1
red-brown. Chelicerae match pars cephalica. Pedipalps dorsally like or slightly lighter than pars cephalica. Females: Carapace, Thoracic groove a deep pit; elongate or trans- verse; rounded or triangular. Postocular setae numerous; form an elongate, roughly triangular grouping. Sternum. Fig. 75. Posterior sigiHa large and rather well separated. Stout setae usually distributed around entire periphery of sternum; always common along anterior lateral margins. Most of central setae extremely elongate. Genitalia. Figs. I 74-187. Seminal receptacles very weakly sclerotized. Stalks rather short; with I to 3 strong bends; same diameter throughout length. Bulbs large to very large. Coloration. Pars thoradca grey- yellow to pale brown. Pars cephalica darker; pale brown to dark chestnut brown; darkest along margins and median longitudinal line. Chelicerae light brown to dark chestnut brown. Variation. Males: The two male samples, which are separated by the Central Valley, differ considerably in body size and EGS num- ber but are very similar in most ratio characters. The male from Tuohmme Co. is markedly larger (CL = 6.6 mm), has a propor- tionately longer pedipalpal patella ( CL/PPL = 1.57 ; mL/PPL 1.02) and metatarsus I (CL/IML = 1.76; IML/ITarL = 1-96), and proportionately closer posterior sigilla ( SW/PSS = 3.41 ) than does the Mt. Diablo sample (CL = 4.4 mm-4.9 mm; CL/ PpL = 1.94-2.03; mL/PPL = 1.13-1.16; cL/IML == 1.94- 2.07; IML/ITarL = 1.66-1.71 ; SW/PSS = 3.30-4.35). The only marked difference in palpus form is in conductor tip shape (Figs. II+II~).
Females: The four population samples from the southern half of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Sonora, Mariposa, Shaver Lake, and Pinehurst-Miramonte) are similar in all characters. Each of the other three samples (Mt. Diablo, Wilbur Springs, and Nevada City) are divergent from this homogeneous south Sierra grouping in some characters. Of these divergent samples, the Mt, Diablo sample is less divergent than either the Wilbur Springs or Nevada City sam- ples.
The Mt. Diablo sample is divergent from the south Sierra grouping in body size (Fig. 341, IFL/IVFL, and IFL/ITarL, and is some- what divergent from all samples in CL/CMT (Fig. 35) and IMS/ CMT. The Wilbur Springs sample is divergent from the south Sierra grouping in body size (Fig. 34), CL/SL (Fig. 38), CL/SW, ITL/IML, and IMS/PSS (Fig. 361, and is divergent from all samples in CL/SL (Fig. 38), CL/SW, and IMS/PSS (Fig. 36). T^t Nevada City sample is divergent from the south Sierra group-
================================================================================
472 Psyche [September-December
Mt Diablo . 2
Wilbur Spgs .
Nevada City
sonora -+-3
Mariposa -8
Shaver L
Pinehurst .
ÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔ
Miramonte ÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔIÌ
) . : ' ; . : ' I
34 70 9@ loo
c L
Mt Diablo 2
Wilbur Springs . .
Nevada City . .
sonora -4-3
Mariposa -'-ZSS 8
Shaver L c 3
- -
Pinehurst + 4
Mirarnonte I
00 0% 030 o.& 0.50 0.60
CL/CMT
Mt Diablo 2
Wilbur Spgs . .
Nevada City .
Sonora t3
Mariposa 8
Shaver L +3
Pinehurst
~irarnoite +
-sc 1A 12 14 16 18 2 0 2 2 24
Mt Diablo . .
Wilbur Spgs . .
Nevada Ctty
Sonora t 3
Mariposa -8
Shaver L
Pinehurst
ÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔÌÔ
Mirarnonte -4-4
1
37
1 80 1.90 2.00
ITFL/LYTL
Mt Diablo .
Wilbur Spgs
Nevada City
sonora -+ 3
Mariposa -8
Shaver L +-3
Pinehurst +
Miramonte ÌÔÌÔÌ
4
38 150 I60 I?O 180
CL/SL
. Figures 34-38: Geographic variation of Aliatypus erebus females. Modi- fied Dice-Leraas diagrams and map of sample localities. 34: CL (in mm) variation. 35 : CL/CMT variation. 36 : IMS/PSS variation. 37 : IVFL, IVTL variation. 38 : CL/SL variation.
ing in IVFL/IVTL (Fig. 37), IFLIIVFL, IVTLIIVML, and ITL/IML, and is divergent from all samples in IVFL/IVTL (Fig. 4) and ITLIIML. Mt. Diablo, Sonora, Mariposa, Pinehurst, and (two of three)
Shaver Lake specimens have stout setae dis- tributed all around the margins of the sternum. The Wilbur Springs, Nevada City, Miramonte, and (one of three) Shaver Lake specimens have only a few stout marginal setae, and these only at the anterior lateral sternal margins. In addition, the Wilbur Springs specimens are unique in not having short stout setae scattered over the periphery of the centr,al region o'f the stternurn. The range of color variation is considerable, with the Sonora specimens darkest, the Pinehurst and
================================================================================
19741 Coyie - Genus Aiiatypus 473
Miramonte specimens a bit lighter, and all other specimens noticeably lighter than these. Variation in seminal receptacle form (Figs. I 74- 187) is continuous with no divergent populations. Bulb size and stalk diameter seem to be the most variable aspects of seminal re- ceptacle form.
More and larger samples are needed before firm conclusions can be made about the genetic relationships of these populations. I feel that the best working hypothesis suggested by this analysis of varia- tion is that the Mt. Diablo, Wilbur Springs, and Nevada City popu- lations are, because of distance and ecological barriers to gene flow, markedly different genetically from the south Sierra populations, but that this isolation is either incomplete or has not been of long enough duration for reproductive isolating mechanisms to develop. A thorough search for more populations is especially needed in central and northern California in the eastern part of the Coast Range, the Central Valley, and the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Distribution. Eastern edge of the Coast Range in central Cali- fornia and western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Map 4). Records. CALIFORNIA. Butte Co.: 16 mi. E of Oroville on Lump- kin Rd., 1300 ft., ?. Colusa Co.: 3 mi. SE of Wilbur Spgs. on Bear Cr. Rd., 1250 ft., 2
9. Contra Costa Co.: south side of Mt.
Diablo, Fossil Ridge, 31 0ct.-6 Nov. 1970, c? ; 24 Nov.-5 Dec. 1970. 2
; 5 Dec. 1970-20 Feb. 1971,
d. - 0.5 mi. E olf South
Gate of Mt. Diablo St. Pk., 1300 ft., 2 9 . Fresno Co.: Shaver Lake, 2 Q . - Hwy. 168, I .5 mi. S of Dinkey Cr. Rd., near Shavler Lake, 5400 ft., 9. - Hwy. 245, I mi. E of Pinehurst, 4500 ft.. 3 Q . - Mt. Miramonte,
. Mariposa Co.: 0.5 mi. NW of Mari-
posa along Hwy. 49, 2000 ft., 8 9. Nevada Co.: Hwy. 49, 10.7 mi. S of Grass Valley, 1300 ft. - Hwy. 20, 2 mi. NE of Nevada City, 3000 ft., 2 9. Tuolumne Co.: Draper Mine Rd., 6 mi. E of Sonora, 2700 ft., 3 $ .
-probably near Sonora, summer 1968, cf . Aliatypus plutonis new species
Figures 63, 76, 89-90, 94, I 17-1 18, 188-191. Map 4. Type specimens and etymology. Holotype male from University of California at Riverside campus, Riverside Co., California, 31 Octo- ber 1968 (W. R. Icenogle). One male and four female paratypes. The specific name is the genitive of Pluto, the Latin god of the nether world.
Diagnosis. Males: A. flutonis can be distinguished best from closely related and sympatric A. torridus by pedipalp and palpus
================================================================================
474 Psyche [September-December
characters. The pedipalpal patella of A. plutonis is distinctively more elongate (Figs. 89-90; PPL/PFL and PTL/PPL in Table I ) , its pedipalpal tibia has a distinctively different shape (Figs. 89-90; PTX/PTL in Table I), and its OCS is drawn out into a broad thin lateral keel just below the tip (Figs. I 17-1 18). A. plutonis can be distinguished 'from closely related but allopatric A. erebus by the following characters (Table I ) : CLIPCA, CL/PED, CL/IFL, and the broad, thin OCS keel (Figs. I I 7-1 I 8 ) . The following ratios will separate A. plutonis specimens from those of the other species: PSL/PSS, CL/PSL, CL/ITL, and CL/PPL (Table I ) . Females: A. plutonis females are distinct from those of all other species by virtue of their low IVFL/IVML value (Table 2). This is the best character to use in separating A. plutonis from its closest relatives, A. erebus and A. torridus. The seminal receptacle stalks of A. plu- tonis are more elongate and more slender ( Figs. I 88- I 9 I ) than those of A. torridus or A. erebus. SW/PSS and PSL/PSS (Table 2) are useful in separating A. plutonis lfrom most of the other species. Description. See Tables 1-3.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep pit, longer than wide; anterior border rounded ; narrow posteriorly. Postocular setae usually form a double row anteriorly. Sternum. Fig. 63. Posterior sigilla large and moderately well separated.
Pedipalps. Figs. 89-90, I I 7-
118. Tibia strongly swollen ventrally near distal end; slightly swollen more proximally. Embolus base distant from ICS base. Conductor tip very sharp. Thin lateral keel-like extension of con- ductor (OCS) just proximal to tip so that conductor is markedly narrower just proximal of this keel. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth to slightly rough. Leg I. Fig. 94. Tibia and metatarsus with ventral, erect, elongate, attenuate and ensiform macrosetae; background setae elongate and not closely appressed. Abdomen. Tergites I and I11 reduced to small patches or spots at bases of macrosetae. Cloloration. Pars thoracica grey-yellow to light brown. Pars cephalica darker, at least along margins and median longitudinal line; pale brown to medium brown. Chelicerae match lighter or darker portion of pars ce~halica. Pedi~alps dorsally like pars thora- cica.
Female: Carapace. Thoracic groove a large deep pit; usually roughly triangular with front wall straight or procurved. Postocular setae distribution variable; single or roughly double longitudinal row or long narrow triangular grouping. Sternum. Fig. 76. Pos- terior sigilla large and moderately well separated. Stout setae dis- tributed around entire periphery of sternum. Most of central setae
================================================================================
19741 CoyIe - Genus Allatypus 475
extremely elongate. Genitalia. Figs. I 88-1 g I. Seminal receptacles very weakly sclerotized. Stalks rather short, with a 'few strong loops (3-5 bends), moderately thick, and same diameter throughout length. Bulbs rather large. Coloration. Pars thoracica grey-yellow. Pars cephalica darker; light brown to medium brown ; darkest along mar- gins and median longitudinal line. Chelicerae match darkest parts of pars cephalica.
Variation. Males: Both Riverside males have a more slender pedi- palpal tibia (Fig. go) than all other specimens, which are all similar to Figure 89. The palpus form of most specimens is like Figure I 18 or intermediate between this and the Palomar Mountain specimen (Fig. I 17). Females: As illustrated (Figs. 188-191 ) , there is a small amount of largely intrap~~ulation variation in bulb size and stalk diameter.
Distribution. Southwestern California south of the San Bernardino Mountains (Map 4).
Records. CALIFORNIA. Riverside Co.: U. of Calif. at Riverside campus, 1250 ft., 27 Oct. 1967, d ; 31 Oct. 1968, 8; 49. -S of Banning on Hwy. 243, 5.4 mi. S of junc. with 1-10, 3300 ft., 21 Aug. 1968, (28 ), 9 ; 3 9. San Diego Co.: Hwy. 395, 4 mi. E of Fallbrook, 800 ft.; 20 Sept. 1971, d. - Palomar Mtn., Nate Harrison Grade Rd., 2350 ft., 6 Jan. 1972, d. Aliatypus torridus new species
Figures 64, 77, 91, 119-120, 192-194. Map. 4. Type specimens and etymology.
Holotype male from Mountain
Center, Riverside Co., California, 3 October 1968 (W. R. Ice- nogle). One male and four female paratypes. The specific name is a Latin adjective meaning dry and hot.
Diagnosis. Males: The pedipalpal tibia (Fig. 91) of this species has a distinctive shape .and the pedipalpal patella is relatively short so that PTX/PTL and PTL/PPL (Table I) together distinguish A. torridus from all other species. For other characters which also distinguish A. torridus from closely related A. trophonius, A. erebus, and A. plutonis, see these species' diagnoses. Females: A. torridus is difficult to distinguish from A. erebus; CMT number, CL/OQW, CL/CMT, and IMS/CMT (Table 2) are the most helpful diag- nostic characters. A. torridus is distinguished from closely related and sympatric A. plutonis by IVFL/IVML, PSL/PSS (Table 2)) and its shorter, thicker seminal receptacle stalks (Figs. I 92- I 94). Among the following characters can be found at least one that will
================================================================================
476 Psyche [September-December
distinguish A. torridus from any one of the other Aliatypus species (Table 2) : PSL/PSS, CL/PSL, CL/IFL, and seminal receptacle form (Figs. 192-194).
Description. See Tables I -3.
Males: Carapace. Thoracic groove a deep pit with front wall broad and procurved ; transverse to slightly longer than wide; nar- rowed posteriorly. Postocular setae grouped in form of narrow triangle. Sternum. Fig. 64. Posterior sigilla rather large and well separated. Pedipalp. Figs. 9 I, I I 9- I 20. Tibia swollen ventrally over most of its length. Embolus base distant from ICS base. Inner (concave) edge of OCS smooth to slightly rough. Leg I: Tibia and metatarsus setation very similar to that of A. plutonis. Abdomen. Tergites I and I11 reduced to small spots at bases of macrosetae. Coloration. Pars thoracica grey-yellow to pale brown. Pars cephalica
darker; light brown to medium brown; darkest along margin and median longitudinal line. Chelicerae match either lighter or darker portion of pars cephalica. Pedipalps dorsally like pars thoracica. Females: Carapace. Thoracic groove a large, deep, roughly tri- angular pit with transverse anterior wall; usually wider than long. Postocular setae form a long slender triangular grouping. Sternum. Fig. 77.
Posterior sigilla large and well separated. Stout setae dis- tributed around entire periphery of sternum. Most of central setae extremely elongate. Genitalia. Figs. 192-194. Seminal receptacles weakly to very weakly sclerotized. Stalks short, with I to 3 bends, thick, and same diameter throughout length. Bulbs rather large. Coloration. Pars thoracica pale ell ow to pale brown. Pars cephalica darker; grey-yellow to medium brown; darkest along margins and median longitudinal line. Chelicerae medium brown. Variation. Males: Considering the large geographic distance sep- arating the two population samples, there is surprisingly little differ- ence in pedipalp and palpus form (Figs. I 19-1 20). Moderately strong differences between these two small samplles show up only in the following ratios: CL/ALS (El Paso Mountain sample with higher mean), CL/ITL (Mountain 'Center mean higher), and IFL/ITarL (El Paso Mountain mean higher). Females: Seminal receptacle form is remarkably similar throughout all three population samples ( Figs. I 92- 194). Noteworthy geographic variation occurs in five ratio characters. The Yucaipa sample (n = 2) has markedly smaller mean values of IMS/CTP and CL/CTP than both the Mountain Center (n = 4) and El Paso Mountain (n = 2) samples. In three other characters, CL/OQW,
================================================================================
19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypus 477
CL/AMD, and IFL/ITL, the Mountain Center and El Paso samples are markedly different from one another and the Yucaipa sample is intermediate.
Distribution. Interior southern California from the San Jacinto Mountains north to the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains (Map 4).
Records. CALIFORNIA. Kern Co.: NE edge of El Paso Mtns., I mi. W of Hwy. 395, 3800 ft., 3 Jan. 1969, 2d; 29. -NE of El Paso Mtns., spring 1963, d\ Riverside Go.: Mountain Center, 300 yds. W of junc. of Hwys. 243 and 74, 4400 ft., 3 Oct. 1968, 2 d ; 4 ? . Saw Bernardino Co.: Yucaipa, 2800 ft., 2 $ . BANKS, N.
1896. New Californian spiders. J. New York Ent. Soc., 4(4): 88-91. COYLE, F. A.
1968. The mygalomorph spider genus Atypoidcs (Araneae: Antro- diaetidae). Psyche, 75 : 157-194.
1971. Systematics and natural history of the mygalomorph spider genus Antrodiaetus and related genera (Araneae: Antrodiaeti- dae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 141 (6) : 269-402. FORSTER, R. R., AND WILTON, C. L.
1968. The spiders of New Zealand. Part 2. Otago Mus. Bull. No. 2: 1-180.
GERTSCH, W. J.
1949. American Spiders. Princeton, D. Van Nostrand Co., 285 pp. LOKSA, I.
1966. Nemesia pannonica 0. Herman (Araneae: Ctenizidae) . Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest, Sect. Biol., 8: 155-171. MAIN, B. Y.
1957. Biology of aganippine trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae : Cteni- zidae). Australian J. Zool., 5 (4) : 402-473. MARTIN, P. S. AND MEHRINGER, P. J., JR.
1965. Pleistocene pollen analysis and biogeography of the Southwest, Pp. 433-451. In H. E. Wright and D. G. Prey (eds.), The Quaternary of the United States. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press.
RIEMER, W. J.
1958. Variation and systematic relationships within the salamander genus Taricha. Univ. of California Publ. Zool., 56: 301-390. SMITH, C. P.
1908. A preliminary study of the Araneae Theraphosae of California. Ann. Ent. Soc. America, l(4) : 207-249.
STEBBINS, R. C.
1949. Speciation in salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina. Univ. of California Publ. 2001.) 48: 377-526.
================================================================================
Table 1.
Measurement (in mm), meristic character, and diagnostic ratio values for adult males of Aliatypus species.
For each species or group of species, the most useful diagnostic characters are circled. Range, mean, and standard deviation given for measurements and ratios. Ranqe and mean given for EGS. Character abbreviations are defined in Methods section.
N C L P CL CW I FL I TL I ML ITarL
cal i forni cus
janus
isolatus
aquilonius
gnomus
gu1osus
thompsoni
trophoni us
erebus
plutoni s
torridus
^
å´
is"
n
cn
'2
5
s?
0
(1
3
I-!
================================================================================
m
inCM r.7
. .
0 -H
1-
wr. min
. .
00
CO
wm
mi^
. .
+
I N
IÌÔl CO-
. .
0-
-
r.in 0-
. .
- -H
I CO
Nm (.0 CO
. .
00
in
r.m bin
. .
m +
I -
N W mr.
. .
iÌÔ
w
CMr. mw
. .
'3- *
I vf
inm wt.
. .
CMm
m
-CO min
. .
* -h
I l-
*a3
row . .
Nm
7
cow
r.m
. .
w -H
I7
cor. ON
. .
*in
I/) -3
.r-
s
0 4-
.? 7
(0 u
m
WCO W O
. .
O-H
1 r-.
wm mm
. .
00
4-
iÌÔ Lor-
. .
7 -ti
1 -
CMr- CnCM
. .
0-
CO
01- mo
. .
0 -ti
1 -
~ I Ì hen
. .
00
CO
N C M mw
. .
m -H
I -
0 C M 00
. .
CMCO
'3-
om
or-.
in 4
t o
mm wm
. .
C M n
CO
WCO ml-
. .
m+1
I0
ow
C O N . .
CMm
m
2g
G44'
I w
oil10 me
. .
mm
CoyIe - Genus Aliatypus
o m m c o
m e - m w
O G O O
lr.
It.
1 0 I0
wr.
COCO n'3-
CMl-
wr.
'3-vf inin ww
. . . . . . . .
00 00 00 00
m
1 CM
mm
-in
. .
CMCM
0 0
l-
I in
iÌÔ wm
. .
CMCO
7 7
m
I m
or. om
. .
CMCM
in
I in
COW r.w
. .
0 m
10
+in
r. mw WCO
-7
CMm '3-in
m CM
*
I CM
men
CM 0
. .
-3'3-
. .
00
vf
r.7 om
. .
m -H
1 r.
wm
me- . .
iÌÔC
0
'3-CO om
. .
<a- *
I F-
inm WCM
. .
Nro
m
COr. co*
ro 4
1 -
'3-- mr-
. .
cum
?: ?in 7r.
-4-0 l-N *00
WCO
wr. 0-
. . . .
00 7-
3 wco :'=& -0
. .
-7 CMCO
01 CO
W C M
7 å´3
lin 1 m
con r-il-
win CMr.
. . . .
7- C M N
in
CMCO 7
WO <å£
. . .
. .
- +
1 in
min
mo . .
0-
,--
wr. a0
0 +i
1 r.
-m CO00
. .
0 0
m
CUCM mw
. .
CM -H
1 r.
om
n* . .
CMCM
CM
no r.N
..
m *
I in
In*
7 m * .
nn
w
mw CMIÌ
'4$
r-i* Am
. .
CMCM
å´a
inm 00CM
. .
*-ti
1 in
mm
-'3- . .
d-l-
-1-1
7
I
================================================================================
Table 1 (continued)
SL sw PSS
cal iforni cus
janus
isolatus
aqui 1 oni us
gnornus
gul osus
thompsoni
trophoni us
erebus
pl utoni s
torri dus
-(-1
00
0
PSL OQW ALS ALD
================================================================================
AMS AMD EGS CL/ I FL CL/ I TL CL/IML CL/ITarL CLIPPL cal if orni cus
janus
isolatus
aqui lonius
gnomus
gulosus
thompsoni
trophoni us
erebus
pl utoni s
torri dus
================================================================================
Table 1 (continued) %
M
CLIPTT CLIPED CL/PCA CL/PSS CL/PSL CLIALS CL/AMD cal i forni cus
janus
isolatus
aqui 1 oni us
E S
gulosus
thompsoni
tro~honi us
erebus
p1 utoni s
torridus
================================================================================
Coyle - Genus Aliatypus
CM
no nin
. .
-a- -ti
I 0 0
h-
h C M . .
cum
n 0
en
I CM CM a
to?
CMCM
in r^
n
I in
COW in?
. *
C M n
* w
CM
1 in
nn CM*
. .
CMCM
in in* "sf
1.4. I* lh
Oh
å´Ì W O
nC\J ?^r n?
n'3- en* mm
CM
WCM rtr-
441
1 I"-
r-in en-
. .
ÌàÌÔ
iÌ ITS
in- 'nn
C M 0 NO
.. ..
0 - H ' o*
1 h lr.
Sitz zz
.. ..
00 00
n
mm
C M O
. .
0 -H
'1 0 <Mr.
CMCM
00
* CM
0
I0
C M n CMCM
00
7
h- NO
. .
5's
enin CMCM
. .
00
n r.
0
I in
CMCM hr.
. .
00
CM CM
7
I0
*w --
. .
-7
å´id w
0
1 in
nm ww
. .
00
0 W
0
1 0 WCO
n'?
a0
O F
j
flu inw r^co
ww inin
00 00
7
z. 3z
0 0 04
I W I0 ICM Id
i n hr. COO1 0- ,-*
inin ww mu^ ww ww
CM
m
0
I01
inen CMCM
, .
00
h iÌ
'3-&-- 7 0 0
W i Ì L O O
04 -
1 - 5'i
men '3-00
CMm C M n
n
r. inn CM
rÌ 0- 03
lÌ lÌÔ 0
ICO Id Irn
om h- coin
m* us=? å´^y
00 00 00
================================================================================
Table 2.
Measurement (in mm), meristic character, and diagnostic ratio values for adult females of Aliatypus species.
For each species or group of species, the most useful diagnostic characters are circled. Range, mean, and standard deviation given for measurements and ratios. Range and mean given for meristic characters. Number of females containing maturing eggs or with brood is in parentheses after N. Character abbreviations are defined in
Methods section.
N CL PCL CW I FL ITL I ML ITarL
cal iforni cus
janus
isolatus
aqui lonius
gnomus
gulosus
thompsoni
trophoni us
erebus
plutonis
torridus
0.84-1.27 5
1.065i.124
I"!
0.92-1.15 U
1.040i.085
s
================================================================================
IVFL I VTL
cal ifornicus
janus
isolatus
aqui lonius
gnomus
gul osus
thompsoni
trophonius
erebus
plutonis
torri dus
IVML IVTarL S L SW PSS
================================================================================
Table 2 (continued)
-t^
CO
0^
PSL OQW ALS ALD AMS AMD CTP CTR CMT
cal i forni cus
janus
isolatus
aquilonius
gnomus
gul osus
thompsoni
trophoni us-
erebus
pl utoni s
torri dus
================================================================================
t-*
SO -.1
PTSP PTSR IMS CL/IFL CL/ ITL CL/IML CLIIVTL CLIPSS CLIPSL u +. cal i forni cus
janus
i solatus
aquilonius
gnomus
gulosus
t hompsoni
trophoni us
erebus
plutonis
torri dus
4-7
4.4
4-1 2
5.1
4-6
4.6
4-8
5.8
4
4.0
3-5
4.0
(ID
3-5
4.0
3-4
4.0
4-5
4.3
4
4.0
================================================================================
Table 2 (continued) %
00
cal i forni cus
janus
i solatus
aqui 1 oni us
gnomus
gulosus
thompsoni
trophoni us
erebus
pl utoni s
torri dus
================================================================================
CM
10%
. CM
0 -H N10
L?
. * 00-
w
r.CM w*
. .
CM 41
I CO
LnN
nm . .
00
r. to*
07
--ti
1 -
W N *r.
. .
00
In
n o 3 wo
. .
O-H
1 n
nw Nn
. .
00
Lo
no 0-
. .
-7
IÌ 41
1 -
Nr- in0
. .
wm
0
10m nn
. .
'3- +
I m
r-.w
in7 . .
C M n
m
n* no
. .
- 41
I0
in*
iÌÔC . .
7-
w
3 v
-Y
c
L
0
>t-
.F 7
a
Coyle - Genus Aliatypus
CO -r.
. .
r.n
N - H 1 r-.
To-
nr.
--
w
m-
OÌàa
. .
CM -H
I* COO
*C^J
or-
w
-r. r--0
. .
0 u
1 in
*o å´d-
. .
00
w
mr. -a-0
. .
0 41
I 0 0
cob
-CM . .
00
n r-.
ic'?
. CM W-H
-7
Im
m-
CM *
. -
w-
n
cow mCM
. .
n +
I w
bin wm
. .
N C M
n
mr. m
no CM
.CM .
Z& 2-
IN 1 -
woo r.w
r.. C M .
.n .-
03,- In-
00
mo N
mn r.
. . .
n - H CM
1 m ICM
COO ww
CM r-- LO w
. . . .
N C M CMCM
10 n̤
Ìàd-C
- 4
I F
tå±C *CO
. .
00
å´a
MCO wo
. .
0 41
I CM
iÌ w
n* . .
00
CM nin
YO
0 41
I CM
*CM C M n
. .
00
10
r.N WCM
. .
~ I Ì
7 -H
1'3-
in* o*
. .
r. m
in
mw Kt,-
(?*
O C O w m
. .
CM N
in
nn CM 0
. .
7 +
1 r--.
CM in 0-
. .
7 -
i,
. . . .
Or- 0-
CM
or-. wo
. .
0 - H
1 Lo
ww mÌàd
^-
en- in0
. .
0 -H
1 r.
CMCM *Lo
c o c o C M r . *
aw WCM em COW C M n
NO -0 C M 0 70 NO
. . . . . . . . . .
--H -41 -41 -41 7 - 4 4
I-
I<T~ ~w
I- tm
nr.
wr- min
r.n -in
Or- 0-
Or- 0- 7-
================================================================================
CL
PCL
cw
I FL
I TL
I ML
ITarL
PFL
PPL
P TL
PTX
PTT
PED
PCA
SL
sw
PSS
PSL
OQ w
ALS
ALD
AMS
AMD
EGS
TABLE 3. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTER VALUES FOR HOLOTYPE SPECIMENS OF ALIATYPUS SPECIES (All measurements are
caZi fornicus janus
aqui Zonius
3.1
1.69
2.46
3.19
1.92
2.07
1.07
3.23
2.15
2.27
1.61
0.49
0.83
0.36
1.69
1.38
0.64
0.09
0.73
0.42
0.20
0.09
0.12
11
holotype
thompsoni
4.2
2.54
3.46
5.08
3 .O4
3.81
1 .84
4.77
3.07
3.19
2.38
0.85
1.23
0.70
2.30
2.00
0.27
0.46
1.09
0.49
0.25
0.15
0.13
2 2
is a penultimate male.)
trophonius erebus
================================================================================
19741 Coy Ie - Genus AIlatypus 491
\ MAP 3
Maps 2-3. Distribution of Aliatypus species.
================================================================================
Psyche [September-December
0 TORRIDUS
@ UNIDENTIFIABLE ALIATYPUS
... ..
MAP 4
CALIFORNIA
Map 4. Distribution of Aliatypus species. (Unidentifiable specimens are immatures and females which cannot be assigned to any recognized species.) Figures 39-40: Cheliceral teeth of Aliatypus females. (Ventral view of left chelicera.) 39: A. californicus, Soquel. 40: A. thompsoni, paratype. Figures 41-42: Eyes of Aliatypus thompsoni (Dorsal view with lateral border of carapace horizontal.) 41 : male, holotype. 42 : female, paratype, Figures 43-44: Spinnerets of AUatypus thompsoni. (Ventral view.) 43 : female, paratype. 44: male, paratype.
================================================================================
19741 CoyIe - Genus Aliatypus
Figures 45-53: Whole body and carapace views of Aliatypus. 45-48: A. californicus. 45-46: male, Calaveras Reservoir. 47-48: female, Sequel. 49: A. gnomus female, paratype. 50-53: A. thompsoni. 5'0-51: males. 50: Placerita Canyon. 51 : Henninger Flats. 52-53 : females 52: Placerita Canyon. 53 : Henninger Flats.
================================================================================
494 Psyche [September-December
Figures 54-77: Sternum, labium, and sigilla of Aliatypus species. 54-64: males. 54: A. californicus, Alum Rock Park. 55: A. jams, holotype. 56: A. isolatus, paratype. 57: A. aquilonius, holotype. 58: A. qnomus, holo- type. 59: A. gulosus, holotype. 60: A. thompsoni, paratype. 61: A. tro- phonius, holotype. 62: A. erebus, holotype. 63: A. plutonis, Banning. 64: A. torridus, holotype. 65-77: females. 65 : A. californicus, Montebello Rid. 66: A. janus, paratype. 67: A. isolatus, paratype. 68: A. aquilonius, para-
type. 69: A. gnomus, paratype. 70: A. gulosus, paratype. 71-73: A. thompsoni. 71: paratype. 72-73 : Eaton Canyon. 74: A. trophonius, para- type. 75: A. erebus, Sonora. 76: A. plutonis, Banning. 77: A. torridus, paratype.
================================================================================
19741 Coyie - Genus A liatypus 495
Figures 78-91 : Aliatypus male
, 1.0 rnm
, /
pedipalps. (Retrolateral view of left
pediialps.) 78-79 : A. californicus. 78 : Coloma. 79 : Montebello Rd. 80 : A. isolatus, holotype. 81: A. aquilonius, holotype. 82: A. gnomus, holotype. 83-84: A. janus. 83: Yosemite Nat'1 Park. 84: Glenville. 85: A. gulosus, holotype. 86: A. thompsoni, holotype. 87: A. trophonius, holotype. 88: A. erebus, holotype. 89-90: A. plutonis. 89: Banning. 90: holotype. 91 : A. torridus, holotype. Figures 92-95: Tibia and metatarsus of leg I of Aliatypus males. (Retrolateral view of left leg.) 92: A. californicus, Alum Rock Park. 93: A. thompsoni, holotype. 94: A. plutonis, holotype. 95 : A. trophon'ius, holotype.
================================================================================
496 Psyche
[September-December
Figures 96-109: Aliatypus palpi. (Prolateral view of left palpus and view of tip after palpus rotated 90' on longitudinal axis of distal part of conductor.) 96-100: A. californicus. 96: Montebello Rd. 97 : Alum Rock Park. 98 : Coloma. 99-100: Mariposa. 101 : A. gnomus, holotype. 102-105 : A. janus. 102: holotype. 103: Yosemite Nat'1 Park. 104: Pinehurst. 105: Glenville. 106 : A. aquiloniusJ Briceland. 107-109 ; A. isolatus. 107 : holo- type. 108-109 : Santa Catalina Mtns.
================================================================================
19741 CoyZe - Genus Aliatypus 497
Figures 110-120: Aliatypus palpi. (Same views as previous plate.) 110: A. gulosus, holotype. 111-113 : A. thompsoni. Ill : Tehachapi Mtns- 112: holotype. 113 : Henninger Flats. 114-115 : A. erebus. 114: holotype. 115: Sonora. 116: A. trophonius, holotype. 117-118 : A. plutonis. 117: Palomar Mtn. 118: Banning. 119-120: A. torridus. 119: El Paso Mtns. 120 : holotype.
================================================================================
498 Psyche
[September-December
0.5 rnrn
Figures 121-148 : Allaty$us seminal receptacles. (Dorsal view.) 121-131 : A. californicus. 121 : Moptebello Rd. 122: Bates Creek. 123 : Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park. 124: Alum Rock Park. 125: Mt. Diablo State Park. 126: Sutter Buttes (immature). 127: Coloma. 128-129: Aukum. 130-131: Mariposa. 132-143 : A. janus. 132: Briceburg. 133 : Yosemite Nat'l Park. 134-135: Mammoth Lakes. 136-137: paratypes. 138-139 : Pinehurst. 140- 141 : Sequoia. 142 : Woodlake. 143 : Glenville. 144-146 : A. isolatus. 144: paratype. 145-146: Santa Catalina Mtns. 147-148 : A. aquilonius. 147: paratype. 148 : Redway.
================================================================================
19741 Coyle - Genus Aliatypiis 499
0.5 rnrn
Figures 149-171: Aliatypus seminal receptacles. (Dorsal view.) 149-150: A. gnomus paratypes. 151-154: A. giilosus. 151: Eaton Canyon. 152: Sierra Madre. 153-154: paratypes. 155-171 : A. thompsoni. 155 : Kern- ville. 156-157: Tehachapi Mtns. 158: Santa Ynez. 159: Squaw Flats. 160-161 : Placerita Canyon. 162: Baldwin Hills. 163 : Limekiln Canyon. 164-166: paratypes. 167 : Las Barras Canyon. 168 : Hcnninger Flats. 169- 170: Eaton Canyon. 171: Sierra Madre.
================================================================================
[September-December
Figures 172-194: Aliatypus seminal receptacles. (Dorsal view.) 172-173 : A. trophonius paratypes. 174-187: A. erebus. 174-175 : paratypes. 176-177: Wilbur Springs. 178-179: Nevada City. 180-181 : Sonora. 182-183 : Mari- posa. 184-185 : Shaver Lake. 186: Pinehurst. 187 : Miramonte. 188-191 : A. plutonis, 188-189: paratypes. 190-191: Banning. 192-194: A. torridus. 192: El Paso Mtns. 193: Yucaipa. 194: paratype.
================================================================================
Volume 81 table of contents