Harold G. Fowler and Herbert W. Levi.
A New Quasisocial Anelosimus Spider (Araneae, Theridiidae) from Paraguay.
Psyche 86(1):11-18, 1979.

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A NEW QUASISOCIAL ANELOSIMUS SPIDER
(ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE)
FROM PARAGUAY
BY HAROLD G. FOWLER' AND HERBERT W. LEVP The genus Anelosimus was last revised by Levi (1956, 1963). Since these revisions, considerable attention has been given to the study of the social behavior of spiders (Kullmann, 1968, 1972; Shear, 1970), and especially to the social behavior of species ofAnelosimus (Brach, 1977). One species, Anelosimus eximius, constructs communal webs that encompass many cubic meters (Simon, 1891), and is considered by Wilson (1971) to have reached the level of quasisocialily. We now describe and provide observations on a new quasisocial Anelosimus from southern South America.
Anelosimus lorenzo Levi, new species
Figures 1-4
Holotype. Male holotype and numerous female paratypes, all in poor condition, having once been dry, San Lorenzo, Paraguay, collection 25 July, 1976, (H. Fowler) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Diagnosis. The male of this species differs from Anelosimus rupununi Levi by the shape of the conductor in the palpus. No differences are known in females.
Description.
Female. Carapace brown with wide darker median longitudinal band. Sternum, legs brown. Dorsum of abdomen white, with a line of black patches. Sides dark. Venter black with white spots toward sides. White behind and above spinnerets. Anterior median eyes subequal in size, larger than posteriors which are 0.7 diameters of anteriors. Anterior median eyes 1.8 diameters apart, a third of their diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes 2 diameters apart, 1.5 Department of Entomology and Economic Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138. The junior author is responsible only for naming and describing the new species. Manuscript received by the editor February 13, 1979. Pu&e M:l1-18 (1979). hup Ytpsycht enlclub orgtSd/8&Ol Lhtd



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12 Psyche [March
diameters from laterals. The height of the clypeus equals 3 diameters of the anterior median eyes. The abdomen is suboval, longer than wide, and high. Total length, 2.3 mm. Carapace 1 .I mm long, 0.9 mm wide. First femur, 1.2 mm long; patella and tibia, 1.2 mm; metatarsus, 0.7 mm; tarsus, 0.5 mm. Second patella and tibia, 0.9 mm long; third, 0.7 mm; fourth, 1.1 mm.
Male. Coloration like female except that the abdominal patches are fused, forming a longitudinal band with wavy outlines. Eyes subequal in size. Anterior median eyes 1.2 diameters apart, 0.3 from laterals. Posterior median eyes 1.5 diameters apart, 1 diameter from laterals. Height of the clypeus is 2.5 diameters of the anterior median eyes. Total length 2.3 mm. Carapace 1.3 mm long, 1.0 mm wide. First femur, 2.2 mm long; patella and tibia, 2.5 mm; metatarsus, 2.0 mm; tarsus, 0.8 mm. Second patella and tibia, 1.7 mm long; third, 1.0 mm; fourth, 1.7 mm.
Distribution.
It is probable that the southernmost records of Anelosimus rupununi belonged to this species. All were females and may have been misidentified.
Observations were conducted from November, 1975, through January, 1976, (Period I), and from March through June, 1976, (Period 11), in a citrus orchard located within the municipal limits of Figs. 1-4. Anelosimus lorenzo new species. 1. Female, dorsal view without appendages. 2-3, Epigynum. 2. Dorsal view, cleared. 3. Ventral view. 4. Left male Palpus. Scale line: Fig. 1, 1.0 mm, Figs. 2-4, 0.1 mm.



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19791 Fowler & Levi - New Quasisocial Spider 13 San Lorenzo, Paraguay, approximately 15 km east of Asuncion. Initial searches confirmed the presence of 5 colonies during Period I, with 12 additional smaller colonies found during Period 11. A large colony of approximately 550 adults and juveniles, and 50 egg sacs, was collected and established in a 1 m3 screen cage on a potted Coleus plant within an entomological greenhouse. The following observa- tions were made on both field and laboratory colonies. Spinning behavior and webs.
The 5 colonies observed during
Period I ranged in estimated volumes of web enclosures from 0.3 m3 to 1.4 m3. The 12 smaller colonies observed during Period I1 were much smaller, with the largest having ana estimated volume of 0.2 m3. The web periphery of all colonies was covered with loosely spun silk, while the interior consisted of densely spun silk platforms. Webs housing the colonies did not differ from the webs of A. eximius figured by Millot (1949) and Brach (1975), or from the webs of A. rupununi illustraded by Levi (1972). Additional webs of unspecified colonial species of Anelosimus are illustrated in Stejskal (1976). The remains of many large insects, notably cerambycid, carabid and scarabaeid beetles, were observed throughout the web structure. Portions of the web of the larger colonies had apparently fallen into disuse, as these were cluttered with dead vegetation and insect parts, as described by Millot (1949). Dead or dying leaves in the interior of the communal web were curled and sheathed with silk to form retreats. Stejskal(1976), in a still unconfirmed report, contended that unspecified species of Anelosimus pierce the epidermis of the undersides of mango, citrus and coffee leaves and actively imbibe the cytoplasm, and further hypothesized that these species would not survive on other species of trees. More observations on the feeding behavior of these spiders are obviously needed to check the validity of these claims. The colony figured by Brach (1975) was not located in these plants. He observed no dead leaves, perhaps because spiders were not piercing and drinking from the leaves. Citrus trees housing all 5 colonies during Period I were heavily attacked by mealybugs, Pseudococcus sp., which were tended by ants, Crematogaster quadrijormis vezenyii Forel. The distribution of both mealybugs and ants reached the colonial web on the branches where the colonies were located. Many mealybugs, and a few ants, were found entangled at the branch-web interface. No abnormal fruit or leaf developments were noted within the communal web, with the exception of the dead and curled leaves serving as retreats. Stejskal



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14 Psyche [March
(1976) concluded that colonial species of Anelosimus were more harmful than beneficial in Venezuelan orchards, where they are actively treated with pesticides.
Most web spinning and repair occurred at night. Webbing was spun as several spiders reinforced draglines from which they dispersed to spin subsequent peripheral silk or dense platform silk. This behavior was qualitatively the same as that found in A. eximius (Brach, 1975). Unlike A. eximius (Brach, 1975), A. lorenzo did not always found colonies at the extremities of leaves or branches. 3 of the 5 large colonies, and 7 of the 12 smaller colonies were located at positions intermediate between the twig or branch junction and its tip. This behavior is much like other species ofAnelosimus (Stejskal, 1976).
Small colonies were always found in trees adjacent to large colonies, hinting that colony foundation is carried out by small groups of spiders, or sociotomy (Jackson and Joseph, 1973). All the small colonies observed appeared before the onset of cooler winter weather. The large size of colonies, both in populations and webbing, and conversations with local farmers, suggest that colonies are perennial. Stejskal(1976) observed repeated colony relocation over a 3 yr period, and attributed this activity to the dry microenvironment produced when the spiders' activities killed leaves. Social interactions.
In a rigorous analysis of social behavior in the Theridiidae, Kullmann (1968, 1972) ranked A. eximius (=Theri- dion eximius) at the pinacle of social evolution within this family. Wilson (1971) considered A. eximius to be quasisocial, due to the presence of members of the same generation in communally con- structed and maintained webs, the existence of communal coopera- tion in prey capture, and the indiscriminate feeding of the juveniles. Brach (1977) emphasized the importance of cooperation between adults, or parasociality (Shear, 1970), in the evolution of social behavior in Anelosimus. That A. lorenzo parallels A. eximius at every level of behavior observed (Table l), suggests that quasisocial- ity is probably quite widespread within Anelosimus. A. rupununi, with extensive communal webs and populations in excess of 1,000, is also probably quasisocial, and as more observations are made on other species, this list will undoubtedly have to be increased. It is tempting to speculate that some reports on the social behavior of A. eximius may have inadvertently been of other species, especially due to the high degree of morphological similarity found within species groups.




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Fowler & Levi - New Quasisocial Spider
TABLE 1
COMPARATIVE BEHAVIORAL AND ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THREE SPECIES OF ANELOSIMUS. DATA FOR A. STUDIOSUS AND A. EXIMIUS TAKEN FROM BRACH (1975, 1977). DATA FOR A. LORENZO FROM THIS STUDY. BEHAVIORS ARE DESCRIBED IN BRACH(1975,1977). Anelosimus Anelosimus A nelosimus
PARAMETER studiosus eximius lorenzo
Geographic Temperate- Tropical Subtropical range subtropical South southern South
North America America America
Colony
populations -50 >200 >200
Cooperative
prey capture present present present
Communal present in always always
feeding juveniles, present present
not in adults
Reproductive
females/colony 1
Cannibalism present present present
................................................................................................................................................ Brood feeding discriminate indiscriminate indiscriminate Dispersal solitary gravid sociotomy? sociotomy? females
Colony life span annual perennial perennial ................................................................................................................................................ No. females/
No. males -1.0 -20-79 -50
Species recognition strong weak weak
Social level subsocial quasisocial quasisocial



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Field colonies of A. lorenzo accepted spiders from other colonies without any overt sign of aggression. Other unidentified species of Theridiidae, when placed in webs, were ignored until they were apparently accidentally encountered by resident spiders, at which time they were attacked. Other behavioral observations (Table 1) were made much the same way as by Brach (1977), and will not be further elaborated. Nevertheless, Brach (1977) failed to comment on sex ratios. Although field data are few, it is apparent that the sex ratios of quasisocial Anelosimus are strongly skewed in favor of females. Brach (1975) speculated that the preponderance of females was the product of differential cannibalism on males, resulting in the female biased quarternary sex ratio. However, data are not available on primary and secondary sex ratios for these spiders to ascertain if cannibalism is a valid hypothesis. Whatever the cause, female dominated populations undoubtedly affect the population genetics of these species (Fisher, 1930), and one would expect that females are the mobile sex (Cannings and Cruz Orive, 1975), which would tend to indicate that inbreeding may be quite high. The influence of sex ratio on the population genetics of these spiders becomes more evident when the mode of sex determination is considered. Although spiders are diploid, sex determination in the Araneae is characteristically through a complex system of multiple chromosomes, with males being heterogametic (White, 1973). Under normal conditions, brothers and sisters within a colony would share the same number of genes in common with one another through common descent. However, if the female homogametic chromo- somes have significantly more active gene sites, then sisters would share more genes with one another through common descent, than do brothers. Thus, at the sex-linked loci, kin-selection (Hamilton, 1972) could contribute to the evolution of social behavior in the species of Anelosimus in a manner somewhat analogous to the assumed action in the Hymenoptera. Undoubtedly, if such a situation does indeed occur, morphological and behavioral modifications would to have evolved before sociality could be achieved, such as the loss of species- specific tactile recognition (Brach, 1977). If indeed quasisocial Anelosimus are highly inbred, the possibility that kin selection is important would be much more probable (Hamilton, 1972). Sex ratios dominated strongly in favor of females may also inadvertently produce a reproductive division of labor, especially in light of the indiscriminate feeding of juveniles by adults. If there are



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19791 Fowler & Levi - New Quasisocial Spider 17 not a sufficient number of males present in the colony to inseminate all reproductively receptive females, only inseminated females would produce viable young as thelytoky is unknown in spiders (White, 1973). Species of Anelosimus that are now considered to be quasisocial may thus be found to be functionally eusocial (sensu Wilson,
1971). However,
there is still no evidence of an actual
anatomical of physiological distinction among non-reproducing spiders that would qualify them as a true caste in the usual sense employed in the study of social insects. We extend our thanks to the valuable comments that have been given on previous drafts by E. 0. Wilson, F. M. Carpenter, R. B. Roberts, E. Rajotte, and R. Buskirk.
BRACH, V.
1975.
The biology of the social spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theri- diidae). Bull. So. Cal. Acad. Sci., 74: 37-41. 1977.
Anelosimus studiosus (Araneae, Theridiidae) and the evolution of quasi- sociality in Theridiid spiders. Evolution, 31: 154-1 61. CANNINGS, C. & L. M. CRUZ ORIVE.
1975.
On the adjustment of the sex ratio and the gregarious behavior of animal populations. J. theor. Biol., 55: 115-136. FISHER, R. A.
1930.
The genetical theory of natural selection. Clarendon, Oxford. 272 pp. HAMILTON, W. D.
1972.
Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in social insects. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 3: 193-232.
KULLMANN, E.
1968. Soziale Phaenomene bei Spinnen. Ins. soc., 15: 289-298. 1972. Evolution of social behavior in spiders (Araneae: Eresidae and Theri- diidae). Amer. Zool., 12: 419-426.
LEVI, H. W.
1956.
The spider genera Neottiura and Anelosimus in America. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 75: 407-421.
1963. The American spiders of the genus Anelosimus (Araneae, Theriidae). Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 82: 30-48.
1972.
Taxonomic-nomenclatural notes on misplaced Theridiid spiders (Ara- neae, Theridiidae), with observations on Anelosimus. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 91: 533-538.
MILLOT, J.
1949. Araignees sociales. In P. Grasse (ed.) Traith de Zoologic, 6: 979 pp. Masson, Paris.




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STEJSKAL, M.
1976.
Aranas sociales destructoras de las plantas de cafe, citricos y mangoes en Venezuela. Turrialba, 26: 343-350.
WHITE, M. J. D.
1973.
Animal cytology and evolution. 3rd Edition. 961 pp. University Press, Cambridge.
WILSON, E. 0.
197 1.
The insect societies. 548 pp. Belknap Press-Harvard, Cambridge.



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