Robert C. North and Kenneth C. Shaw.
Variation in Distribution, Morphology and Calling Song of Two Populations of Pterqphylla camellifolia (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae).
Psyche 86(4):363-374, 1979.

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VARIATION IN DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY AND CALLING SONG OF TWO POPULATIONS OF
PTEROPHYLLA CAMELLJFOLIA
(ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)'
BY ROBERT C. NORTH^ AND KENNETH C. SHAW
Department of Zoology
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 5001 1
There are more than 200 species of singing katydids, crickets, and cicadas in the eastern United States. Among these, Pterophylla camellfolia (Fabricius) is unique in that several populations, identifi- able by differences in song and morphology, are separated by zones of intergradation (Alexander 1968). This unique situation is asso- ciated with a history of taxonomic confusion. Fabricius (1775) described two species of the genus Locusza: camellifolia andperspicillatus. L. camellifolia (female specimen) was described in the sentence preceding L. perspicillatus (male specimen). Subsequently, Kirby and Spencc (1828) placed camellifolia andper- spicillatus in the genus Pterophylla. Burmeister (1838) placedperspi- cillatus within the new genus Cyrtophyllus. Caudell (1906) divided Cyrtophyllus into three genera, Cyrtophyllus, Paracyrtophyllus and Lea, and described three new species of Cyrtophyllus: elongatus, furcatus and intermedius, as well as retaining perspicillatus. Kirby (1906) synonymized Cyrtophyllus with Pterophylla. Rehn and Hebard (1916) combined Caudell's C. perspicillatus and elongatus into Pterophylla camellifolia camellifolia, and C. intermedius became P. camellfolia intermedia. Hebard (1941) recognized two species of Pterophylla, camellifolia and furcata, with camellifolia divided into three subspecies (P. c. camellifolia, P. c. intermedia, and P. c. dentif- era) and furcata into two subspecies (P.J furcata, and P.f. laletica). Hebard believed there were racial differences among specimens col- 'Part of a thesis submitted by the first author to the Graduate College, Iowa State University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, June 1978.
Present address: Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 5001 1.
Manuscript received by the editor February 22, 1980



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364 Psyche [December
lected from the northern (Pennsylvania to Virginia), southern (South Carolina to Florida), and southwestern (Oklahoma, Arkansas, southwest Missouri) ranges of P. c. camellifolia. Apparent intergra- dation of subgenital plate dimensions, along with similar appearance of male cerci in southeastern material and specimens from Pennsyl- vania, precluded his recognizing these three populations as sub- species.
Alexander (1956) noted that specimens from Ohio and North Carolina differ in the shape of the male subgenital plate and pulse rate of the calling sound. Subsequently, on the basis of these differences, Alexander and Shaw (unpublished) differentiated three populations. Two of these probably correspond to Hebard's (1941) northern and southern populations of P. c. camellifolia. A third population, whose geographic distribution has not been determined in detail, occurs in Louisiana, Mississippi, southwestern Georgia and probably Tennes- see. On the basis of intergradation in calling sound parameters (pulse rate and chirp pulse number), and subgenital plate dimensions, Alex- ander and Shaw hypothesized a zone of hybridization, forming an inverted Y-shape, among the three populations (Alexander 1968). Shaw and Carlson (1969) used differences in chirp length of calling sounds and length of male subgenital plate to distinguish two popula- tions of P. camellifolia in Iowa. For one population, representing the westward extension of the northern population of Alexander and Shaw, they reported subgenital plate lengths of 1 1.8 to 13.2 mm and two- to three-pulse chirps. A previously unreported western popula- tion in Iowa possesses subgenital plates 14.7 to 16.8 mm in length and chirps of 8 to 15 pulses.
Shaw and Carlson's (1969) characterization of the two populations of P. camellifolia was based on relatively little data; namely, song records from three counties (Boone, Hardin, Story), and subgenital plate measurements from 13 specimens representing seven counties (Boone, Hardin, Linn, Marion, Story, Van Buren, Worth). Since this publication we have been unable to confirm two of the geographic locations of western P. camellifolia based on subgenital plate meas- urements of specimens in the Iowa State University insect collection. Several visits to Worth County failed to uncover any P. camellifolia in this northern county. We have heard only northern males singing in Van Buren County in southeast Iowa.




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19791 North & Shaw - Pterophylla camellifolia 365 This study is a detailed analysis of the geographic distribution of P. camellifolia in Iowa and a more extensive characterization of popula- tion differences based upon both behavioral (parameters of male calling sounds) and morphological characters. We determinted the distribution of P. camellifolia in Iowa during the summers of 1975-1978. Colonies (disjunct groups of katydids) were located by driving at reduced speeds along rivers and stopping at approximately 112 km intervals to listen for the loud choruses of calling sounds. Forest preserves and state and county parks were also surveyed throughout the state.
Surveys in 1975 and 1976 indicated that northwestern and north central Iowa, areas with relatively little forested lands, were void of P. camellifolia. These surveys, as well as records of previous investiga- tors (Froeschner 1954, Shaw and Carlson 1969), suggested that an extensive survey of gallery forests along certain rivers, e.g., Cedar, Des Moines, Iowa, Racoon, Skunk, in central, southern, and eastern Iowa would be most productive. During the surveys, exact locations of katydid colonies were recorded on county maps. Other data taken included: 1) written records of chirp pulse numbers from 10 to 20 katydids per colony, 2) tape recordings of calling sounds for 5 to 10 katydids per colony, and 3) collection of specimens whenever possible.
P. camellifolia is a large, flightless, green katydid that resides near the tops of tall trees in oak-hickory forests. Males stridulate only at night and in Iowa this takes place from the last of July until the first or second frost in October. Thus, it was necessary to locate the calling male in a tree, climb the tree, spot the katydid with a light, and capture it by hand.
Calling sounds were recorded on a Nagra I11 tape recorder. An American electrodynamic microphone (Model D33) mounted in a 38 cm aluminum parabolic reflector allowed recordings of individual katydids. Ambient temperature was taken at the site of each tape recording.
Pulse rate was determined from audiospectrograms made with a sonagraph (Kay Vibralyzer). Pulse intervals and lengths were deter- mined to the nearest 0.01 second.




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Fig. 1.
Present forest in Iowa redrawn from remote-sensing, satellite photographs, as presented in Land-Use in Iowa, Miscellaneous Map Series 5, Iowa Geological Survey, 1976. A. Isoline of January mean temperature (-7.2OC), 193 1- 1960, (Shaw and Waite 1964). B. Plant hardiness in Iowa. Approximate range of average annual minimum temperatures for each zone; zone 4 = -34.4 to -28.gå¡C zone 5 = -28.8 to -23.3OC. From plant hardiness zone map (Fowells 1965). Colonies of P. camellifolia in Iowa. O-western population. A-northern population. Unnumbered colonies are based on pulse number per chirp data taken from less than 10 individuals. u -border of the Wisconsin drift.



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19791 North & Shaw - Pterophylla camellifolia 3 67 Morphological characters were determined from 13 previously collected specimens and from 192 males collected from 15 different colonies in 1977 and 1978. We examined characters used previously: length of body, length of metathoracic femur, length and width of tegmina, length and width of subgenital plate, length of the subgeni- tal plate slit, and shape of cerci (Beutenmuller 1894, Caudell 1906, Blatchley 1903, 1920, Walden 191 1, Hebard 1941, Shaw and Carlson 1969). In addition we measured the distance from the frons to the distal end of the tegmina. Measurements were made with calipers and an ocular micrometer.
In Iowa, P. camellifolia is restricted to gallery forests along major rivers, and colonies in central Iowa are disjunct from those of eastern Iowa (1 50 to 200 km). In western Iowa, distribution of P. camellifolia is limited to two colonies, one in Waubonsie State Park in Fremont County (colony number lo), and another in a county park in Page County (colony number 11) (Fig. 1).
Table 1.
Nested ANOVA. A = Subgenital plate length. B = Subgenital plate slit length. C = Pulse number per chirp.
% of total
Source d.f. MS variation
- - - -
A. Colonies
14 34.33 87.33
Individuals (Colonies) 190 0.37 12.67
B. Colonies 14 9.36 76.99
Individuals 190 0.21 23.01
-
C. Colonies 19 1976.53 79.50
Individuals (Colonies) 191 34.39 14.52
Records (Individuals Colonies) 4009 0.69 5.98 All characters showed significant F values (ranging from 2.54 to 74.02, p <: .01). However, of the 11 morphological and behavioral parameters measured, only subgenital plate length (SPL), subgenital plate slit length (SPSL) and number of pulses per chirp (PIC) showed greater variation between colonies than within colonies (Table 1). Also these three characters were the only ones by which the colonies were separated into two significantly different populations by the Duncan's multiple range test (Table 2). SPSL is not shown in Table 2



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368 Psyche [December
because the groups delineated by this character were the same as by SPL. For population diagnosis, SPL would be simpler to measure than SPSL.
Duncan's test for P/ C delineates the same two groups (Table 3) as analysis of SPL (Table 2). However, in the former case, additional colonies are included in both groups because specimens were not collected from all colonies. Western katydids, those with long sub- genital plates (colonies 1- 10; Table 2), produce long chirps (colonies 1- 11; Table 3). In contrast, northern katydids, those with short subgenital plates (colonies 12-16), produce short chirps (colonies 12-20).
Table 2.
Duncan's multiple range test for variable SPL (subgenital plate length). Means with the same letter and overlapping ranges of means designated by two or more letters are not significantly different. The range of means designated F are significantly different from overlapping range of means designated A, B, C, D and E (p < .05).
Colony
number N Mean 5 sd (mm) Grouping
All 40 males collected from colonies believed to be members of the northern population have cerci the ventral arms of which bifurcate with dorsal and ventral arms pointed distally (Fig. 2A). In contrast, 135 of 165 males from the western population showed a slightly bifurcate, blunt ventral cercal arm (Fig. 2B). The remaining 30 males exhibited various cercal shapes (e.g., Figs. 2C and 2D), making them indistinguishable regarding population affiliation.



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19791 North & Shaw - Pterophylla camellifolia 369 The ranges of population means for the distance from the frons to the distal end of the tegmina (western: 38.3-44.7 mm; northern: 37.4-39.7 mm), frons to distal end of subgenital plate (western: 35.7-38.6 mm; northern: 3 1.7-33.7 mm), tegminal length (western: 32.8-37.9 mm; northern: 31.4-33.7 mm), metathoracic femoral length (western: 17.9-20.6 mm; northern: 13.0- 15.1 mm), and tegmi- nal width (western: 13.7- 15.1; northern: 13.0- 15. l), indicate that western katydids are on the average larger than northern katydids (North 1978).
Iowa is the northwestern limit of the range of P. camellifolia. The distribution of oak-hickory forests, even in presettlement times, elim- inates the availability of much of the western and northern part of the state (Fig. 1). Approximately 75% of the 6.5 million acres of wood- land that greeted the state's first white settlers in the 1850's has been destroyed, leaving a sparse 1.6 million acres. Temperature also may be an important factor in limiting the northward extension of P. camellifolia south of available oak-hickory forest (Fig. 1). The same factors appear to affect the distribution of 17-year cicadas whose northern limits in Iowa mimic those of P. camellifolia even though suitable habitat is also available for range expansion of this species (Lloyd and Dybas 1966).
At the time of the original land survey in Iowa territory, the native vegetation was of two main types, prairie and deciduous forest. More than three-quarters of the state was open grassland and the remainder oak-hickory forest (Simonson et al. 1952). Since Caucasians arrived in Iowa, the removal of timber has been extensive. It is possible that in presettlement times P. camellifolia was more or less continuously distributed across eastern and southern Iowa. However, our failure to find any colonies between southwest and central Iowa (Fig. 1) argues against such a continuous distribution. The western and northern populations of P. camellifolia may have differentiated during the Pleistocene. Deevey (1949) concluded that glacial chilling was so extensive that many species of plants and animals could have survived only in peninsular Florida and in Mex- ico. The existence of four or more populations of P. camellifolia in the eastern half of the United States (Hebard 1941, Alexander 1968, Shaw and Carlson 1969), as well as dispersion by flightless females argues against only these two glacial refugia.



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370 Psyche [December
Transeau (1941), Braun (195 l), and Thomas (1951) believe that preglacial forests and associated animals have existed throughout the Pleistocene in the Allegheny Plateau within a short distance of the glacial boundary. Kemp (1979) suggests that the present distribution pattern of the primitive flightless ~r~lloblatta in western Canada was derived from stock that survived the Pleistocene glaciation relatively close to the glacial front, and that migration routes from Wyoming and Montana permitted refugium populations to reach their present locations. Alexander and Moore (1 962) argue convincingly that peri- odical cicada populations survived in approximately their present locations. They believe the last glacial advance resulted in brood splitting of 17-year cicadas with the populations closest to the glacial border separating from their more southern members because of diapause summation resulting from repeated periods of exposure to Table 3. Duncan's multiple range test for variable PIC (pulse number per chirp). Means with the same letter and overlapping ranges of means designated by two or more letters are not significantly different. The range of means designated F are significantly different from overlapping range of means designated A, B, C, D and E (p < .05). *= colonies from which specimens have been collected (see Table 2). Colony
number N Mean + sd Grouping
1 * 11 13.6 Az 2.9 B A
3* 20
9.4 k 1.9 B
9* 10
9.4 2c 1.8 B
5 * 10 8.5 å 1.4 B C
8* 10
7.6 Az 0.7 D C
4* 10
7.5 å 1.1 D c
2 * 10 7.5 5 1.7 D C
11 10
7.4 + 0.9 D C
10- 10
6.7 5 0.6 E D
7 * 10
6.6 + 0.9 E D
6 * 10
6.1 å 1.7 E
20 10
3.7 Az 0.5 F
19 10 3.6 k 0.6 F
18 10
3.5 k 0.5 F
14* 10
3.3 + 0.6 F
13* 10
3.3 å 0.6 F
15* 10 3.0 5 0.4 F
12* 10 2.9 å 0.6 F
17 10 2.8 5 0.7 F
16* 10
2.5 k 0.5 F




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North & Shaw - Pterophylla carnellifolia Fig. 2.
Ventral arm of male cercus, ventral view. A. Northern population, colony # 10. B. Western population, colony #3. C. Western population, colony#4. D. Western population, colony #5.
extreme cold. Such a brood-splitting could have resulted in brood I11 (central and southeast Iowa) and brood IV (southwest Iowa and south to Texas).
Smith (1957) takes a position intermediate to that of Deevy (1949) and that proposed by Transeau (1941), Braun (1951), Thomas (1 95 I), and Alexander and Moore (1962). Smith's evidence is principally southern disjunct, relict populations of boreal vertebrates whose main contemporary distributions lie "partially or wholly within gla- ciated North America". These relict populations, widely separated from the main segment of their species ranges, occur in such states as Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, Tennessee, and Georgia. Such western (Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas) and eastern (Tennes- see, Georgia) separation of a preglacial population of P. camellifolia could have been responsible for differentiation of the western and



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372 Psyche [December
northern populations of this species. Examination of subgenital plates and cereal arms of 12 specimens from Anderson County, Kansas, indicate they are western P. camellifolia. This would support Kansas as a possible glacial refuge and site of differentiation of western P. camellifolia.
Postglacial northern migration of oak-hickory forests with their accompanying fauna along the rivers of the Missouri and Mississippi drainage systems would have facilitated contact between western and northern katydids. Forest continuity in southern Iowa could have allowed the western population to cross from the Missouri to the Mississippi drainage system. During the Climatic Optimum Period (warm, moist period from approximately 6000-8000 B.P.), decidu- ous forest occurred more continuously and at slightly higher latitudes than at present (Smith 1957). Southward and eastward shrinking of the ranges of fauna and flora may have occurred during the warm and dry Hypsithermal (= Xerothermic Interval, ca. 4000-6000 B.P.) (Smith 1957). On the basis of the Climatic Optimum Period and boreal relicts, Smith argues for gallery forests or "islands" of forests along the major rivers as refugia for mesic-forest-inhabiting animals during this period. Although the drier-loving oak-hickory forests may have at first advanced during this period, they probably receded later and again may have remained only as gallery forests along rivers.
Assuming that the western and northern populations had come together during the Climatic Optimum Period, their present distribu- tion could be explained by the effects of the Hypsithermal. The western and northern populations occur along or near river systems where they could have escaped the extreme conditions of the Hyp- sithermal. This could explain the existence of both western and northern populations within the Wisconsin drift area (Fig. l), an area which contains protected ravines created by the actions of the Wis- consin glacier. The main bodies of these two populations could have been pushed southwestward and east-southeastward. The 150-200 km gaps between the southwestern and central colonies of western katydids and the eastern and central colonies of northern katydids could simply be the result of lack of forest and/or time to renew contact.
The fragmentation of animal ranges resulting from the activities of civilized man throughout his historic period has resulted in many



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19791 North & Shaw - Pterophylla camellifolia 3 73 relict populations (Smith 1965). Such fragmentation facilitates popu- lation differentiation. As for P. camellifolia, fragmentation is most effective at the periphery of their range where habitat and animals are climatically limited. P. camellifolia in Iowa consists of a number of relatively small isolated colonies which are undergoing morphologi- cal and behavioral differentiation (a remarkable example is western colony #1 [Table 31 within which some males produce up to 30 pulses/chirp) and which may eventually become reproductively iso- lated populations.
The intrapopulation variation of colonies of western and northern P. camellifolia could be a result of 1) inbreeding of small isolated populations, and/or 2) gene exchange between formerly continuous western and northern populations. Further field studies are necessary to determine the extent of the distribution of the western and north- ern populations outside Iowa. Crossing experiments as well as choice and non-choice phonataxis experiments, involving playbacks of call- ing sounds to virgin females of both populations, are necessary for a decision regarding the taxonomic affinity of northern and western P. camellifolia .
We wish to thank Dr. D. F. Cox, Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, for assistance with the statistical analysis, and Dr. R. E. Lewis, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, for reviewing the manuscript. Special thanks are due Ms Patti Hanson for prodigious assistance in the survey and the collection of specimens.
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