Thomas D. Seeley and Robin Hadlock Seeley.
A Nest of a Social Wasp, Vespa affinis, in Thailand (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).
Psyche 87(3-4):299-304, 1980.

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A NEST OF A SOCIAL WASP,
VESPA AFFINIS, IN THAILAND
(HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)*
Department of Biology
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA
The nests of the tropical Vespa species are very poorly known. Van der Vecht (1957) reviewed what little was known as of the early 19503, and since then only a few additional reports have appeared (Sakagami and Fukushima 1957, van der Vecht 1967, Matsuura 1971a, b, 1973, Matsuura and Sakagami 1973, Yamane 1977, Yamane and Makino 1977, Makino and Yamane 1980, Kojima and Yamane 1980). We now report observations made on a Vespa affinis nest in Thailand.
We found the nest in a residential area in Bang Khen, a district on the northern outskirts of Bangkok. The nest hung in a mango tree (Mangifera indica) where it was thoroughly shaded and concealed by the tree's thick foliage. The nest bottom was 1.4 m off the ground. We first observed the nest on 13 October 1979, at which time the nest was occupied by an evidently strong colony of wasps. During the daytime about 30 wasps, apparently guards, were scattered over the nest's outer surface and there was strong flight to and from the nest. Several wasps were collected and have been placed as voucher specimens in the entomology collection of the Peabody Museum, Yale University. When we reexamined the nest on 21 October 1979 the wasps were gone. The people in whose yard the nest was built said the wasps had left earlier that day. We do not know why the wasps abandoned their nest. Many small ants (species undetermined) were scavenging on pupae left in the nest, but we do not know whether these ants had previously been attacking the wasp colony and so perhaps caused its absconding, or whether the ants had invaded the nest only after the wasps abandoned it. The owners of the nest reported that during the wasps' approximately 9-month residence in their yard the wasps had not been disturbed by humans. *Manuscript received by the editor May 1, 1981.



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Figure 1 shows a side view of the nest with the covering envelope removed; figure 2 shows the opposite nest side with the envelope intact. The nest's maximum outside dimensions were 69 cm wide, 60 cm high, and 40 cm deep. The envelope consisted of a single paper layer up to 1 mm thick which completely enclosed the nest's combs. Two holes in the nest bottom, each of area approximately 8 cm2, provided passageways into the nest. Above the six horizontal layers of paper comb was a cone-shaped structure consisting of paper layers and air pockets (see figure 1) and the remnants of a seventh, perhaps the original, comb. Other published photographs of Vespa affinis nests in India (Chopra 1926) and Malaya (van der Vecht 1957) show an even more pronounced roof cone. Van der Vecht (1957) has suggested that this structure helps shed water from the nest during torrential rains.
Figure 3 shows the nest's bottom comb. We measured the size of the nest's comb cells by measuring the wall-to-wall cell diameter across 10 cells in a row. Repeating this measurement 12 times gave a mean k1 standard deviation of 9.3 k0.2 mm for the wall-to-wall cell diameter. A perfectly symmetrical hexagon of this size would enclose an area of 75 mm2. This value, together with estimates of the area of each comb (measured with a tape measure), yielded an estimate of 9600 cells total for the nest's 6 combs. The combs varied in thickness between 23 and 30 mm. A "wasp space" of approxi- mately 16 mm between adjacent combs and between the edges of the combs and the envelope provided passageways throughout the nest. The combs were supported by short vertical pillars between adjacent combs.
As is shown in figure 3, the wasps left behind several cells containing pupae when they abandoned the nest. By the time we dissected the nest the ants had perforated the white pupal cell cappings and were eating the pupae. We found no eggs or larvae in any of the other cells. Evidently, either the wasps waited until most of the last generation of brood had emerged before absconding, or the ants had removed all the eggs and larvae earlier in the day. We doubt the small ants could have cleaned out the nest, had it been filled with brood, in the relatively few hours between the wasps' departure (as early as sunrise, about 0600 hours) and our dissection of the nest (at 1400 hours). Thus it appears that these wasps can perform colony movements for which they prepare by ceasing brood rearing long before departing the old nest.



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Psyche
CHOPRA, B.
1926.
Notes on a nest of the common Indian hornet Vespa cincta Fabr. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 30:858-860.
KOJIMA, J. AND S. YAMANE
1980.
Biological notes on Vespa luctuosa luzonensis afrom Leyte Island, the Philippines, with descriptions of adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ins Matsum n s 19:47-77.
MAKING, S. AND S. YAMANE
1980.
Heat production by the foundress of Vespa simillima, with descriptions of its embryo nest (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ins Matsum n s 19:89-101. MATSUURA, M.
197la. Nesting sites of the Japanese Vespa species. KontyU 39: 43-54. 197Ib.
Nest foundation by the female wasps of the genus Vespa (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). KontyU 39:99-- 105.
1973.
Nesting habits of several species of the genus Vespa in-Formosa. Kontyu 41 :286-293.
MATSUURA, M. AND S. F. SAKAGAMI
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A bionomic sketch of the giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia, a serious pest for Japanese apiculture. J Fac Sci Hokkaido Univ (Ser Zool) 19: 125- 162. SAKAGAMI, S. F. AND K. FUKUSHIMA
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Some biological observations on a hornet, Vespa tropica var. pulchra (Du Buysson), with special reference to its dependence on Polistes wasps (Hymenoptera). Treubia 2473-82.
VECHT, J. VAN DER
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The Vespinae of the Indo-Malayan and Papuan areas (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Zool Verh (Leiden) 34: 1-83.
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Bouwproblemen van sociale wespen. K Ned Akad Wetens (Amsterdam) 76:59-68.
YAMANE, S.
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A young nest of Vespa xanthoptera built within a bamboo pipe. New Entomol 26: 19.
YAMANE, S. AND S. MAKING
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Bionomics of Vespa analis insularis and V. mandarinia latilineata in Hokkaido, northern Japan, with notes on vespine embryo nests (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ins Matsum n s 12: 1-33.



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