Charles C. Porter.
A revision of Cosmiocryptus in the coastal desert of Perú and North Chile (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).
Psyche 92(4):463-492, 1985.

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A REVISION OF COSMIOCRYPTUS IN THE COASTAL DESERT OF PERU AND NORTH CHILE
(HY MENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University Bronx, NY 10458
Taxonomy and Relationships
Cosmiocryptus, as here defined, ranges from Ecuador to Peru, Bolivia, Brasil, Argentina, and the Neantarctic regions of Chile. Like its close relative Trachsphyrus, this genus prefers Andean (up to at least 4000 m), semiarid, and temperate habitats, but also has a few specialized representatives in tropical South America below the equator and outside the Amazon Basin.
Cosmiocryptus includes at least 50 described species (Porter 1967) plus as many as 100 still undescribed representatives. My concept of Cosmiocryptus (NEW STATUS) includes most of the species placed by Townes (1969: 179-81) under Chromocryptus, with the exception of Chromocryptus itself (which I recognize as a separate genus restricted to species intimately related to Phygadeuon Plano- sac Fitch). It should be noted that Townes (1969: 181) tentatively synonymizes Cosmiocryptus with Trachysphyrus, However, Cos- rniocryptus does not fit in Trachysphyrus, as defined either by Townes or by me, since its type species has the axillus vein "parallel to the anal margin of the hind wing" (Townes 1969: 159) and so will run in Townes key (1969: 159-65) to Chromocryptus. Cosmiocryptus is a heterogeneous assemblage of perhaps diverse affinities. Some of its species superficially resemble Holarctic members of the related genera Itamoplex and Caenocryptus. Others may be close to the large but as yet little studied temperate Austral- ian and Tasmanian "trachysphyroid" fauna. It is thus not possible å´Researc Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, P.O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32602 Manuscript received by the editor May 10, 1985.



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to give an exhaustive generic description of Cosmiocryptus but spe- cies in the Coastal Desert may be recognized by the following com- bination of characters: Axillus close to anal margin of hind wing; base of 1st gastric tergite without a lateral tooth; mediella moder- ately arched to almost straight; mandible stout with lower tooth not longer than upper; hind coxa with a strong subvertical groove externo-ventrally near base; propodeal cristae never elongately spi- niform; 1st gastric tergite rarely with large and dense punctures. Ecology and Host Records
Cosmiocryptus often are found on the branches of shrubs or trees or in herbaceous vegetation. Information about habitat preferences of many species is given under the discussion of each taxon. The only rearing record for Cosmiocryptus in the Coastal Desert is from a species of Megalopyge (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae). Listed below in alphabetic order are collections which furnished material for this study and/ or in which type and voucher specimens are or are to be deposited. I refer to institutional collections by the name of the city where they are located and to individual collections by the surname of the owner. Specimens of Cosmiocryptus violacei- pennis, of C. diplatys, and of C. weyrauchi will be distributed to Arica, Cambridge, College Station, Gainesville, Lawrence, Porter, Townes, and Gainesville.
ARICA. Centre de Investigation y Capacitacion Agricola, Depar- tamento de Agricultura, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, CHILE.
CAMBRIDGE.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, MASS 02138.
COLLEGE STATION.
Department of Entomology, Texas A & M
University, College Station, TX 77843.
GAINESVILLE.
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, P.O. Box 1269, 191 1 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32602.
LAWRENCE.
Department of Entomology, Snow Entomological Museum, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045



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PORTER. Collection of Charles C. Porter, 301 North 39th Street, McAllen, TX 78501.
TOWNES. American Entomological Institute, c/ o Dr. Virendra Gupta, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, P.O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32602.
WASHINGTON. Department of Entomology, U. S. National Mu- seum, NHB 168, Washington, DC 20560
Genus COSMIOCR YPTUS
Cosmiocrypius Cameron, 1902. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 28: 371. Type: Cosmiocryp- tus violaceipennis Cameron
Neocrypiopteryx Blanchard, 1947. Commun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 2(42): 1. Type: Neocryptopteryx orientalis Blanchard. New synonym. KEY TO THE COASTAL DESERT COSMIOCRYPTUS
FEMALES
1. Gaster solid red or red with black staining; flagellum black with a white band; clypeus low to moderately raised, symmetrically to asymmetrically convex in profile ................... .2 1'. Gaster variously patterned with red, black, and white; flagellum not black and white; clypeus strongly raised, bluntly and ...................
asymmetrically pyramidal in profile .7
2. Epomia turned mesad above and enclosing a triangular area; mesoscutum shining and with much gross punctation and wrinkling along notauli and on peripheries of lateral lobes but duller and more finely punctured centrad on lobes; propodeal cristae very strongly projecting cuneate to ligulate; ventro-lateral carina absent on 1st gastric tergite; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.8-0.9 as long as fore wing, gently upcurved ....................... .2. C. huascar (Porter) 2'. Epomia not turned mesad at its upper end; mesoscutum uni- formly more or less shining, without or with rather weak wrinkling along notauli and not more strongly sculptured on peripheries of lateral lobes; propodeal cristae more or less strong, moderately projecting, subligulate or subcuneate; ventro-lateral carina distinct throughout on petiole; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.4-0.6 as long as fore wing, straight .................................................. 3



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3. Apical margin of clypeus produced and with a pair of tubercles on median 0.3; malar space 0.9 as long as basal width of mandible; 2nd gastric tergite smooth and shining, slightly micro-reticulate, with very sparse setae .................. ............................. 8. C. weyrauchi Porter 3'. Apical margin of clypeus not tuberculate; malar space often less than 0.9 basal width of mandible; 2nd gastric tergite with micro-reticulation often stronger and setae often denser than ..................................... describedabove 4 4. First flagellomere 6.2-7.8 as long as deep at apex; temple 0.6-0.8 as long as eye in dorsal view; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.6 as long as fore wing; both dorsal and ventral valves of ovipositor broadly and strongly flattened on tip, dorsal valve profile between notch and apex gently concave ........... .............................. 5. C. diplatys (Porter) 4'. First flagellomere 5.0-6.0 as long as deep at apex; temple 0.4-0.5 as long as eye in dorsal view; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.4-0.5 as long as fore wing; ovipositor valves at most mod- erately flattened on tip, the dorsal valve with a straight or slightly convex taper between notch and apex .......... .5 5. Fore tibia stout but not inflated; postpetiole 1.5 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ovipositor slender with nodus very weak, tip 0.16 as high at notch as long from notch to apex; dorsal valve minutely tuberculate on tip ............ .............................. 7. C. leptaechma n. sp. 5'. Fore tibia palpably inflated; postpetiole 1.5-2.0 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ovipositor more robust with distinct nodus, its tip 0.22-0.28 as high at notch as long from notchto apex ....................................... 6 6. First flagellomere 5.5-6.0 as long as deep at apex; mesopleuron grossly reticulate but always with a shining and discretely punctate swelling above along prepectus opposite speculum; 2nd gastric tergite with distinct finely granular micro- reticulation and with short setae that largely approach the length of their interspaces; ovipositor stout, moderately compressed, profile of its basal valve between nodus and apex basally straight or a little concavely flattened and then convex toward tip. ........ 4. C. violaceipennis (Cameron)



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6'. First flagellomere 5.0 as long as deep at apex; mesopleuron strongly, but not grossly, reticulately wrinkled, without a raised or shiny area opposite speculum along prepectal ca- rina; 2nd gastric tergite finely reticulate but with setae much shorter than their interspaces; ovipositor strongly com- pressed, with a high nodus, dorsal valve directly tapering between notch and apex. .............. .6. C. aricae n. sp. 7. Speculum uniformly punctate, mesopleuron otherwise with fine reticulate wrinkling; 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5 as long as 1st intercubitus; 2nd recurrent straight or slightly reclivous, pal- pably outcurved above; mediella gently arched; apical trans- carina of propodeum fine and sharp, looped far forward medially; postpetiole 1.1-1.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite dully shining with uni- form delicate microreticulation; ovipositor slender and com- pressed, tip 0.22-0.23 as high at notch as long from notch ............... to apex; wings hyaline; antennae blackish. 1. C. occidens n. sp.
.................................
7'. Speculum largely smooth and shining, rest of mesopleuron grossly sculptured; 2nd abscissa of radius 0.8 as long as 1st intercubitus; 2nd recurrent gently inclivous, almost straight, not outcurved above; apical trans-carina of propodeum ob- solete; postpetiole 1.7 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite smooth and conspicuously shining with faint micro-reticulation that practically fades out toward apex; ovipositor robust, tip 0.30 as high at notch as long from notch to apex; antennae reddish; wings black ............................. 3. C. leucetrum n. sp. MALES
(Males of Cosmiocryptus leucetrum, C. aricae and of C. leptaechma unknown).
1. Mediella rather strongly arched; 2nd recurrent palpably out- curved above; temple 0.5-0.6 as long as eye in dorsal view; postpetiole 0.5-0.9 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite dully shining with uniform microre- .................. ticulation; gaster black, red, and white .............................. 1. C. occidens n. sp.



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1'. Mediella straight; 2nd recurrent not outcurved on upper 0.5; temple 0.6-1.0 as long as eye in dorsal view; postpetiole 0.9-1.4 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite smooth and shining with variably developed delicate microreticulation, solid red or red and blackish. . .2 2. Flagellum without white band; propodeal cristae large, strongly projecting ligulate or subligulate; epomia bent mesad above, where it delimits an appressed triangular area; malar space 0.9 as long as basal width of mandible.. ................. ............................... 2. C. huascar (Porter) 2'. Flagellum marked with white; propodeal cristae well developed, broadly subligulate, not so prominently projecting as in the previous species; epomia strong but not modified at its upper end; malar space 0.6-0.8 as long as basal width of mandible .................................................. 3 3. Median 0.3 of clypeus produced and with a pair of blunt tuber- cles; 1st flagellomere 2.6-3.0 as long as deep at apex; in most specimens setae of 2nd gastric tergite average palpably short- ................... er than the length of their interspaces ............................. 8. C. weyrauchi (Porter) 3'. Clypeal apex etuberculate; 1st flagellomere 3.7-5.0 as long as deep at apex; setae of 2nd gastric tergite consistently exceed the length of their interspaces ........................ .4 4. Mesoscutum strongly shining with abundant but delicate puncta- tion and wrinkling; flagellum with only the 3rd tyloid (count- ing from base) unusually broad, the rest ovoid to linear. .... ............................... 5. C. diplatys (Porter) 4'. Mesoscutum rather dully shining, with abundant dense punc- tures and wrinkles; flagellum with at least 2nd and usually 1 st-3rd tyloids broadly oval ........................... ....................... 4 . C. violaceipennis (Cameron) 1. Cosmiocryptus occidens Porter, new species (Fig. 1)
FEMALE.
Color: scape dull reddish brown, antenna otherwise nearly black; head and mesosoma black with brown staining on mandibles, a dull to pure white spot on base of mandible, and a brownish white to mostly white area on clypeus, as well as with the



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Porter - Cosrniocryptus
Fig. 1.
Cosmiocryplus occidens, 8. Paratype. Lateral view of whole insect, show- ing color pattern and habitus.
following mostly pure white ornamentation: orbital ring, broken only at bottom of eye; blotch in malar space (sometimes merging with hind orbital band); broad band on pronotal collar; sometimes blotch on anterior-ventral margin of pronotum near mid-height; broad line on dorsal margin of pronotum near mid-height; broad line on dorsal margin of pronotum, interrupted only in front between bases of notauli; about outer 0.5 to almost all of tegula; sometimes small triangular spot on each anterior corner of scutel- lum; sometimes pair of tiny dots on postscutellum; tips of propodeal cristae; and a tiny dot on subalarum; 1st gastric tergite red with some faint dusky staining that becomes darker near base; 2nd tergite dull red with slight dusky staining; 3rd tergite dull red and more or less conspicuously dusky tinged, sometimes grading into blackish on apical 0.3 and throughout laterad; 4th tergite black with some red- dish basally or sometimes mostly red and always with a very broad white apical band which becomes even broader laterad; 5th and 6th tergites black with a very broad white apical band; succeeding ter- gites black with extensive, irregular white markings; legs red, duller on tibiae and tarsi, sometimes with a tiny white dot near base on hind coxa; wings hyaline with fore wing faintly brownish tinged. Length of fore wing: 7.0-7.1 mm. First flagellomere: 6.8-7.7 as long as deep at apex. Clypeus: rather high, strongly blunt-pyramidal in profile; apical margin very weakly convex. Malar space: 1.0 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.23-0.33 as long as eye in dorsal view; precipitously receding and slightly rounded off. Cephalic carinae. occipital carina sharp but scarcely raised; hypo- stoma1 carina only slightly higher than occipital. Fore tibia: rather



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470 Psyche [VOI. 92
slender, with a weak swelling near basal 0.3. Pronoturn: dorsal rnar- gin weakly swollen; submarginal groove narrow and obsolete; epo- mia sharp and strong in scrobe, prolonged briefly below, unmodified above. Mesoscutum: notauli narrow, shallow but conspicuous, extending about 0.7 the length of mesoscutum; surface at most dully shining, finely but strongly reticulo-rugose to reticulo-punctate on central lobe and on an extensive area behind end of notauli, more coarsely and transversely wrinkled immediately along notauli, sometimes on lateral lobes a little more shining in comparison to rest of mesoscutum and with fine but sharp puncto-reticulation that includes many almost discrete punctures. Mesopleuron: speculum slightly differentiated, more shining than rest of surface, with uni- form and comparatively coarse punctation; surface otherwise with uniform finely reticulate wrinkling. Wing venation: radial cell 3.3-3.5 as long as wide; areolet large; intercubiti strongly convergent above; 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5 as long as 1st intercubitus; 2nd recurrent straight or a little reclivous below, definitely outcurved above; discocubitus broadly angled, with a long ramellus; mediella gently arched; nervellus broken well below middle, upper part 3.5 as long as lower. Propodeurn: short and high, faces subequal, basal sloping, apical discrete and nearly vertical; spiracle 2.0 as long as wide; area basalis weakly defined; basal trans-carina strong and sharp throughout, much raised medially; apical trans-carina fine and sharp, sometimes weakened laterad, medially thrust far for- ward; cristae of moderate size, briefly ligulate, projecting; median longitudinal carina delimiting a broadly hexagonal areola; lateral longitudinal carina scarcely suggested; surface dully shining, basad of basal trans-carina puncto-reticulate, rugose between trans- carinae, a little more finely reticulate on apical face. First gastric tergite: 1.1-1.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ventro-lateral carina fine and sharp throughout; dorso-lateral carina very sharp on postpetiole but gradually weakening basad on petiole; dorsal carinae prominent but blunt and enclosing a low median elevation toward apex of petiole and on base of postpetiole; surface of postpetiole dully shining except more polished on apical 0.3 and with delicate micro-reticulation that fades out near apex. Second gastric tergite: dully shining with uniform delicate microreticulation and a few minute, obscure punctures emitting short, widely scat- tered setae. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.6 as long as fore wing;



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19851 Porter - Cosmiocryptus 47 1
only slightly upcurved, slender, compressed; nodus only gently raised, with a minute notch; ventral valve with fine, well spaced oblique ridges on tip, tip 0.23 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.
MALE.
Color: differs from female as follows: white spot beneath on scape; white markings on head broader; tegula wholly white; often most of scutellum and postscutellum white; almost percurrent white line on subalarum; 1st gastric tergite with a broad white band on apex; 2nd and 3rd tergites with laterally abbreviated white apical bands, with that of 3rd tergite comparatively weak or irregular (or sometimes all tergites with complete white apical bands); 5th tergite red on basal 0.4; 7th tergite black with a broad white apical band; clasper brownish with a large black spot; fore and mid tarsi dusky, hind tarsus blackish; hind tibia tinged with dusky above, especially toward apex; fore and mid coxae with a black area dorsally that is bounded anteriorly by a large white area and posteriorly by a smaller white area; hind coxa with a large white blotch dorsally on basal 0.5 and sometimes with a little brownish staining apically; fore and mid trochanters white with a broad and nearly percurrent black stripe above; mid trochantellus red as in female but with considera- ble blackish above.
Length of fore wing: 5.3-7.3 mm. First flagellomere: 4.4-4.5 as long as deep at apex. Malar space; 0.9 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.5-0.6 as long as eye in dorsal view. Mesoscu- turn: notauli sometimes traceable but faint, sometimes as strong as in female. Mesopleuron: speculum often more polished than in female, with some smooth interspaces among the punctures. Wing venation: ramellus sometimes very short; mediella quite strongly arched, its upper part 2.4 as long as the lower part. Propodeurn: basal face strongly declivous; apical face nearly vertical, well differ- entiated from basal face and 0.7 as long as basal face; spiracle 1.5- 1.7 as long as wide; basal trans-carina sometimes becoming a little irregular laterad, but as strongly raised on meson as in female; apical trans-carina fine and gently to rather strongly curved forward on median 0.3-0.6 but weak to obsolete laterad; cristae prominent robustly cuneate; longitudinal carinae scarcely suggested. First gas- tric tergite: postpetiole weakly expanded apicad, 0.5-0.9 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ventro-lateral carina strong throughout, except sometimes weaker below spiracle; dorso-lateral



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472 Psyche [VOI. 92
carina weakly and irregularly defined; dorsal carinae absent; surface with coarser and more granular micro-reticulation than in female; setae largely surpassing the length of their interspaces, much longer and denser than in female.
TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype Q: PERU, Lima Province, San Geronimo, 5-VII-1976, C. Porter. Paratypes: 19, 36: PERU, Lima Province, Matucana, 2389 m, 28-30-VI-1974, C. Porter, L. Stange, 7-9-VII-1975, C. Porter; La Libertad Province, Samne nr. Trujillo, 1500 m, 12-17-VII-1975, C. Porter, L. Stange. Holotype in Florida State Collection of Arthropods. Paratypes in Florida State Collection of Arthropods (I<$), Collection of Henry K. Townes (I^), and Collection of Charles C. Porter (19, 13). RELATIONSHIPS.
Cosmiocryptus occidens belongs to the Rufiti- bia group within its genus (Porter 1967: 124-6) and is very closely related to the central Andean C. townesorum Porter (1967: 135-7).1 Probably, these 2 species are vicariants which differentiated, in the Puna and Coastal Desert respectively, while late Tertiary and Pleis- tocene climatic changes alternately prevented and encouraged dis- persal of xerophilous biota across the highest Andean cordilleras. A similar relationship seems to obtain between the ephialtine ichneu- monids Itoplectis niobe Schrottky (mostly restricted to above 2500 m in Peru) and Itoplectis phoenogaster Porter (a closely related Itoplectis endemic to the Coastal Desert below 2500 m, as discussed by Porter 1979: 180-1).
Cosmiocryptus townesorum differs from C. occidens in lacking a white band on the female flagellum, in its absence of red markings, longer temple (0.4-0.5 as long as eye in dorsal view vs. 0.2-0.3 in C. occidens), and conspicuously upcurved ovipositor (ovipositor only slightly upcurved in C. occidens).
FIELD NOTES.
Cosmiocryptus occidens inhabits moist areas with subtropical to prepuna climates (1500 to 2389 m altitude) in fertile river valleys along much of the Peruvian coast. I have taken it by sweeping dense herbaceous undergrowth along irrigation ditches and also while beating the large composite shrub, Baccharis. Cos- miocryptus and numerous other Hymenoptera often are attracted to Baccharis, where they feed on honeydew produced by the many 'New combination.




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19851 Porter - Cosmiocrypi~ 473
Fig. 2.
Cosmiocryprw huascw, 2. Photograph of whole insect in lateral view. homopterous sap suckers which usually infest this common stream- side plant.
SPECIFIC NAME. From the Latin adjective occidens, "west or sunset.
2. Cosmiocryptus huascar (Porter), new combination (Fig. 2, 3,4).
Trachysphyrus humcar Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: E22-4. Holotype 9 Peril, Largos, 3500 m, 23-HI-1960, W. Weyrauch (Tucumhn). I described this species (Porter 1967: 122-24) from 5 females and I male collected between 2389 m and 3500 m in the Andes of central and western Perk An additional 4 females now are reported from Matucana, Peru and their analysis permits the following amend- ments and additions to my original description. Length of fore wing: 10.5- 14.4 mm. First flagellomere: 5.9-6.7 as long as deep at apex. Molar space: 0.9-1.3 as long as basal width of mandible. Clypeus: apical margin nearly straight. Tetnple: 0.5-0.6 as long as eye in dorsal view. Mesoscutum: notauli reaching up to



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Psyche
[Vol. 92
Fig, 3,
Cwmiocryprus huascar, 9. SEM Photograph (42X), showing anteric- lateral pan of thorax.
Fig. 4. Cosmiocryptus huascar, 9. SEM Photograph (SSX), showing pronoturn and most of mesoscutum in dorsal view.




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19851 Porter - Cosmiocryptus 475
0.8 the length of mesoscutum. Wing venation: ramellus often short but distinct. Propodeum: cristae often very strongly projecting cuneate to ligulate. Ovipositor: notch sometimes obsolete; tip 0.14-0.17 as high at notch as long from notch to apex. NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 42: PERU, Lima Province, Matu- cana, 2389 m, 28-30-VI-1974, C. Porter, L. Stange. VARIATION.
Although its range extends from the central Andes at Cuzco and Urubamba to the west Andean slopes near Lima, C. huascar shows little variation in the characters studied and offers no phaenotypically aberrant local populations. These facts and its abil- ity to live at altitudes of up to 3500 m suggest that this species is a recent (i.e. post-Pleistocene) arrival on the upper fringes of the Coastal Desert.
FIELD NOTES. Specimens of C. huascar collected at Matucana were found near the Rimac River, as they flew at low altitude over grassy areas or visited Baccharis soaked with homopteran honeydew. 3. Cosmiocryptus leucetrum Porter, new species (Fig. 5)
FEMALE.
Color: antenna shining reddish brown, with dusky staining that becomes more prominent apicad; head and mesosoma black with reddish brown on much of mandible, on large clypeal blotch, and on much of scutellum, as well as with a narrow white line on much of frontal orbit and a broader white line that extends along rear of vertical orbit and almost all of hind orbit; 1st gastric tergite dark red with blackish near base and again faintly on apical margin; 2nd tergite dark red with inconspicuous blackish staining; 3rd tergite white, except becoming pale brown laterad, and black on basal 0.3; exposed portion of tergites 4-7 white with lateral faint brown suffusion; and tergite 8 black with a little white dorso- basally; legs mostly shining dull red with tibiae and tarsi duller and slightly dusky; wings medium blackish with subdued metallic reflections.
Length of fore wing: 11.3 mm. Firstflagellomere: 6.3 as long as deep at apex. Clypeus: strongly and a little asymmetrically blunt- pyramidal in profile; apical margin gently but definitely convex. Malar space: 1.0 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.5 as long as eye in dorsal view; receding and only slightly rounded off. Cephalic carinae: sharp and low, occipital carina joining the only



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476 Psyche [VOI. 92
Fig. 5.
Cosmiocryplus levwrum, 9. Holotype. Photograph of entire insect in lateral view.
weakly raised hypostarnal carina below. Fore tibia: moderately stout, slightly inflated on median 0.3. Pronoturn: submarginal groove broad, shallow, reticulate; epomia sharp in scrobe, practi- cally effaced below scrobe, dorsally terminating in a broad but low and inconspicuous swelling. Mesoscutum: notauli shallow but coarse- ly reticulate, traceable about 0.8 length of mesoscutum; surface shining with coarse and crowded reticulation and puncto-reticulation; punctures best defined mesad on lobes (especially on lateral lobes) and wrinkling coarsest along notauli and between them rearward. Mesopleuron: speculum swollen, puncto-reticulate peripherally and mostly smooth and shining centrad; surface otherwise with ex- tremely coarse reticulate wrinkling. Wing venation: radial cell 3.7 as long as wide; areolet large, intercubiti moderately converging above, 2nd abscissa of radius 0.8 as long as 1st intercubitus; 2nd recurrent gently inclivous, almost straight; disco-cubitus slightly angled, with a vestigial ramellus; upper part of nervellus 3.0 as long as lower. Propodeurn: short and high; faces subequal, the basal arcuately sloping rearward, the apical well differentiated and vertical; spiracle



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2.3 as long as wide; basal trans-carina high but irregular on mid section, obsolete laterad; apical trans-carina obsolete; cristae medium sized, broad, short but well projecting, truncately ligulate; longitudinal carinae obsolete; surface with reticulate wrinkling that is strong to coarse on apical face and on much of basal face between trans-carinae (particularly on a broad arc in position of basal trans- carina) and which becomes contrastingly weaker only basad of basal trans-carina. 1st gastric tergite: postpetiole 1.7 as wide apic- ally as long from spiracle to apex; ventro-lateral carinae strong and sharp throughout; dorso-lateral carinae fine but sharp throughout; dorsal carinae represented by the beveled margins of a broad and low median elevation that becomes detectable toward apex of peti- ole and continues onto much of postpetiole; surface of postpetiole shining, smooth and polished on about apical 0.3 but otherwise with delicate micro-reticulation and with a few tiny punctures that emit short, sparse, inconspicuous setae. 2nd gastric tergite: nearly smooth and conspicuously shining, with delicate micro-reticulation that practically fades out toward apex, as well as with scattered tiny punctures that emit short and very sparse setae. Ovipositor: unusu- ally robust; sheathed portion 0.53 as long as fore wing; nodus low but distinct, with a tiny notch; dorsal valve with a slightly concave taper from notch for about 0.7 the distance to apex and more con- vexly tapered on apical 0.3; ventral valve with strong, oblique ridges on tip; tip 0.30 as high at notch as long from notch to apex. MALE. Unknown.
TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype Q: PERU, Lima Province, Cupiche, 10 km E. Chosica, 25-VI-2-VII-1974, C. Porter, L. Stange. Holo- type in Florida State Collection of Arthropods. RELATIONSHIPS.
Cosmiocryptus leucetrum belongs to the Albo- marginatus group within its genus as defined by Porter (1967: 150-3). In this subgroup, it seems most closely allied to C. uspalla- tae Porter,2 which occurs in the deserts of western Argentina from Mendoza north to Salta Province (Porter 1967: 167, 1975: 21 1). Features shared by C. leucetrum and C. uspallatae include their rather pyramidal clypeus, strongly receding temples, very long 1st flagellomere (at least 6.0 as long as deep at apex), only finely reticu- late 2nd gastric tergite, relatively long ovipositor (at least 0.50 as 2New combination.




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long as fore wing), and stout ovipositor tip (0.30 or more as high at notch as long from notch to apex). C. leucetrum differs from C. uspallatae in its longer malar space (1.0 vs. 0.8-0.9 as long as basal width of mandible), longer notauli (traceable 0.8 length of mesoscu- turn vs. 0.3), more coarsely sculptured mesoscutum, extremely coarse mesopleural wrinkling, shorter radial cell (3.7 vs. 4.2-4.3 as long as wide), longer propodeal spiracle (2.3 as long as wide vs. 1.4-1.7), absence of white on the flagellum, partly red gaster, and dull red (vs. mostly pale orange) legs.
FIELD NOTES. The unique holotype was swept from Baccharis growing on sandy soil within the flood plain of the lower Rimac River.
SPECIFIC NAME.
Leucetrum, used here as a noun in apposition, is derived and latinized from the Greek adjective leukos, "white", and the Greek noun etron, "abdomen".
4. Cosmiocryptus violaceipennis Cameron
(Fig. 6, 7)
Cosmiocryptus violaceipennis Cameron, 1902. Trans. Amer. Ent. SOC. 28: 372. Holo- type Q: Peru, Callao (London).
I redescribed C. violaceipennis (Porter 1967: 2 18-20) on the basis of 3 females and 1 male collected at Callao (a female cotype), Matu- cana, and Cafiete in the central Coastal Desert and adjacent west Andean slopes. Subsequent collection of 5 more females and 6 new males, obtained not only close to Lima (Rimac Valley, Santa Eula- lia Valley) but also in the northern coastal region near Trujillo (Samne), permits further redescription of C. violaceipennis. FEMALE. Color: sometimes blackish on as much as apical 0.5 of hind femur.
Length of fore wing: 7.9-12.1 mm. Firstflagellomere: 5.5-6.0 as long as deep at apex. Mesopleuron: swollen area along prepectal carina opposite speculum always conspicuous but invaded to a vari- able extent by punctures and wrinkles. Wing venation: ramellus strong and elongate; radial cell 3.8-4.3 as long as wide; 2nd abscissa of radius 0.6-0.7 as long as 1st intercubitus. First gastric tergite: postpetiole 1.5-2.0 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.40-0.48 as long as fore wing; tip 0.21-0.28 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.



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Fig. 6. Cosmiocryptus violaceipennis, Q. SEM Photograph (50X), showing pronoturn and most of mesoscmum in dorsal view. MALE. Color: flagellum with white band beginning on segments 9 or 10 and ending on segments 14, i 5, or 16; scape sometimes with a large white spot below or sometimes completely dark; clypeus varying from wholly black to mostly white; sometimes with a pair of white spots mesad on pronotd collar; sometimes a white spot on tegula; scutellum sometimes with a white spot; fore coxae and/ or trochanters sometimes extensively white; fore and mid legs some- times more conspicuously reddish brown than in female; hind tar- someres 3-4 sometimes partly white.
Length of fore wing: 8.7-10.6 mrn. First flagellomere: 3.7-4.5 as long as deep at apex. Tyioids: at least the 2nd (counting from base of flagellum), and usually the 1st and 3rd also, broadly oval. Tem- ple: 0.6-0.7 as long as eye in dorsal view. First gastric tergiie: post- petiole 0.9-1.4 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex. NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 5Q and 63: PERfJ, Lima Prov- ince, San Gerbnimo, Vatle del Rio Santa Eulalia, 28-VI-1976, C.



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1"" = ","I*- 1 . \,I. VI.
Porter, C. Calmbacher; Matucana, 2389 m, 28-30-VI-1974, C. Por- ter, L. Stange, 4-5-VII-1976, C. Porter; La Libertad Province, Samne, 40 km NE Trujillo, ca. 1500 m, 12- 17-VII-1975, C. Porter, L. Stange.
RELATIONSHIPS. This species, along with C. weyrauchi, C. dipla- tys, C. leptaechma, and C. aricae, forms a distinctive subgroup that is endemic to the Coastal Desert and adjacent Andean slopes (between sealevel and 3400 m) in most of Peru and in Tarapach Fig. 7.
Cosmiocryptus viotaceipenriis, 9. SEM Photograph (i IOX), showing rear of propodem and much of first 3 gastric tergites in dorsal view.



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Province of north Chile. The Violaceipennis group (Porter 1967: 217-18 apparently has no close relatives elsewhere in South Amer- ica. It thus may have evolved in situ during the last half of the Tertiary, when a rain shadow created by the uplifting Andes allowed development in what is now the Coastal Desert of a thorn scrub vegetation (similar to the Argentine Chaco) and favorable for com- paratively dry-adapted ichneumonids, such as Cosmiocryptus and Trachysphyrus.
The ancient progenitor of the Violaceipennis group might well have reached the Coastal Desert from the Argentine and Bolivian Chaco, while the Andes still were low enough to allow easy dispersal between the arid parts of south-central South America and similar communities then developing on the Pacific coast (Solbrig 1976: 38).
FIELD NOTES. Most of my specimens of C. violaceipennis were taken while sweeping herbaceous vegetation along rivers or irriga- tion ditches. The species does not seem to visit Baccharis as often as its relatives.
HOST. C. violaceipennis has been reared from "Megalopyge prob. amitina", a megalopygid moth.
5. Cosmiocryptus diplatys (Porter), new combination (Fig. 8, 9, 10).
Trachysphyrus diplatys Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 222-4. Holotype Q: Peru, Matucana, 2400 m, 23-VI-1955, W. Weyrauch (Tucuman). C. diplatys was described from a unique female (Porter 1967: 222-24). Subsequent collecting has added 14 females and 50 males to this number, but has not extended the species' range beyond Matucana, Peru. Herewith I give a revised description of the female and characterize the male for the first time. FEMALE. Color: antenna black with a white annulus on flagello- meres 4 or 5 to 8, 9, or 10; mandible usually all black; gaster some- times with extensive but irregular black staining; often with some red on fore and mid trochantelli and on bases of their femora. Length of fore wings: 8.1-12.8 mm. Flagellum: long, slender, cylindric; 1st flagellomere 6.2-7.8 as long as deep at apex. Malar space: 0.70-0.90 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.6-0.8 as long as eye in dorsal view; rather strongly receding. Wing vena- tion: radial cell 3.7-4.1 as long as wide; 2nd abscissa of radius



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Fig. 8.
Cosmiocrypius diplatys, 9. SEM Photograph (I IOX), showing ciypeus and adjacent areas in anterior view.
Fig. 9.
Cosmiocrypius dipiatys, 9. SEM Photograph (35x1, showing greater part of mesosoma in lateral view.




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19851 Porter - Cosmiocryptus 483
Fig. 10.
Cosmiocryptm diplatys. 9. SEM Photograph (SSX), showing ovipositor tip in lateral view,
0.6-0.7 as long as 1st intercubitus; ramellus sometimes strong. Propodeurn: cristae subligulate to subcumate; wrinkles between the trans-carinae varying from mostly longitudinal to quite irregular. First gastric reme: postpetiole 1.5-2.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.55-0.63 as long as fore wing; tip 0.20-0.23 as high at notch as long from notch to apex. MALE. Differs from female as follows: Color: white flagellar annulus (often weak below) on segments 7, 8, 9, or 10 to 14 or t 5; white orbital bands broader and more extensive than in female; small white spot on tegula.
Length of fore wing: 7.3-12.0 rnm. Flagellum: 1st segment 3.9-5 -0 as long as deep at apex; only the 3rd tyloid (counting from base) unusually broad, the rest ovoid to linear. Front: weakly excavated. Clypeus: much as in female, very low in profile with rounded apical margin. Malar space: 0.67-0.80 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.7-1.0 as long as eye in dorsal view; more strongly rounded-off than in female. Mesoscutum: more sparsely punctate than in female, even more shining, sometimes without longitudinal wrinkles mesad between ends of notauli. Propodeurn: a little longer and lower in profile than in female; crisstae strong and bluntly cuneate; sculpture (also of mesosoma) generally weaker than in female, with more or less extensive smooth areas, often including most of areola. First gastric tergite: postpetiole 1.0- 1.3 as wide api- cally as long from spiracle to apex. Second gastric tergite: with



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abundant tiny, superficial punctures which emit rather long setae that mostly equal or surpass the length of their interspaces. NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 149 and 503: PERU, Lima Pro- vince, Matucana, 2389 m, 15-VI-1979, C. Porter, 27-30-VI-1976, C. Porter, C. Calmbacher, 28-30-VI-1974, C. Porter, L. Stange, 4-5- VII-1976, C. Porter, C. Calmbacher.
RELATIONSHIPS. Females of C. diplatys easily may be distin- guished from all sympatric congeners by their conspicuously flat- tened and otherwise strangely modified ovipositor tip (Fig. 10). The males much resemble those of C. violaceipennis but have the mesos- cutum more shining and more sparsely punctate and show a differ- ent tyloidal conformation.
FIELD NOTES. I have repeatedly found this species common at Matucana toward the upper end of the Rimac Valley in seasonally humid west Andean Prepuna. Most specimens were netted from Baccharis along the main river, its tributaries, and irrigation ditches. They seemed attracted by the homopteran honeydew covering Bac- charis foliage. Also they may have been looking for hosts among the larger lepidopterous cocoons (Psychidae, Saturniidae, etc.) sus- pended from the Baccharis.
This species is known only from Mantucana. However, there are many entomologically unexplored river valleys along the Peruvian coast and C. diplatys eventually should appear in some of these. 6. Cosmiocryptus aricae Porter, new species (Fig. 11, 12).
This Cosmiocryptus appears to be a southern vicariant of the central and north Peruvian C. violaceipennis (Cameron). It may be distinguished as follows from its northern relative. FEMALE. Color: similar to T. violaceipennis (black antenna with white band; mostly black head and mesosoma; blackish wings; red raster) except for the presence of a dull white area above the base of each mandible interiorly.
Length of fore wing: 6.0 mm. Firstflagellomere: 5.0 as long as deep at apex. Fore tibia: stout and definitely inflated. Mesopleuron: speculum shining but punctured and wrinkled; surface otherwise strongly and irregularly (but not grossly) wrinkled throughout, lacking a polished and swollen area above along prepectal carina facing speculum. Wing venation: radial cell 4.5 as long as wide.



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Porter - Cosmiocryptus
Fig. 1 1. Cosmiocryptus aricae, $2. Holotype. Fore tibia in lateral view. Fig. 12.
Cosmiocryptus aricae, Q. Holotype. Ovipositor tip in lateral view. Fig. 13. Cosmiocryprus leptaechma, Q. Holotype. Ovipositor tip in lateral view. Fig. 14.
Cosmiocryptus leptaechma, Q. Holotype. Fore tibia in lateral view. Propodeurn: spiracle 1.4 as long as wide; cristae subligulate, rather low; surface more densely and less grossly reticulo-rugose than in T. violaceipennis. First gastric tergite: no flange at base; postpetiole 1.7 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex. Second gastric ter- gite: setae sparse and inconspicuous, largely much shorter than the length of their interspaces. Ovipositor: strongly compressed; sheathed portion 0.5 as long as fore wing; nodus rather prominently elevated and with a sharp but tiny notch; dorsal valve with a fairly strong, direct taper between notch and apex.
MALE. Unknown.
TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype $: CHILE, Tarapaca Province, Chapiquiiia, 3170 m, 1-1977, in Malaise Trap, C. Porter. Holotype in Florida State Collection of Arthropods.



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480 Psyche [VOI. 92
RELATIONSHIPS. This species shows great superficial resemblance to C. violaceipennis but may be distinguished by the features given in the preceding diagnosis and emphasized in the key. The distinctive ovipositor tip of C. aricae suggests that its host preferences may differ from those of other sympatric Violaceipennis group species. FIELD NOTES.
The Malaise Trap used at Chapiquii'ia, a Puna locality more than 3000 m above Arica, was placed across a small stream bordered by dense, tall bunch grass and, more distantly, by alfalfa fields and Eucalyptus plantations. SPECIFIC NAME. Aricae is a latinized genitive singular derived from the Chilean city of Arica.
7. Cosmiocryptus leptaechma Porter, new species (Fig. 13, 14).
FEMALE. Color: antenna black with a white band above on fla- gellomeres 3-10; head and mesosoma black; a white line briefly on facial orbit opposite antenna1 socket, a short white line on orbit at top of eye, and a white line on about median 0.4 of hind orbit; fore and mid legs black with faint reddish brown staining, especially apicad on femora; hind leg with coxa, trochanter, trochantellus, and most of femur red; weakly blackish on apical 0.8 of hind femur and uniformly black on tibia and tarsus; gaster red; wings blackish with metallic blue and purple reflections.
Length of fore wing: 9.4 mm. Flagellum: long, slender, cylindric; 1st flagellomere 6.0 as long as deep at apex. Front: moderately excavated. Clypeus: gently and almost symmetrically convex in pro- file; apical margin gently convex. Malar space: 0.8 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.4 as long as eye in dorsal view; strongly receding and gently convex. Fore tibia: stout but not at all inflated. Wing venation: radial cell 3.6 as long as wide. Propodeurn: spiracle 2.0 as long as wide; propodeal surface as grossly but less reticulately or irregularly wrinkled than in violaceipennis. First gastric tergite: postpetiole 1.5 as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex. Second gastric tergite: strongly shining with faint but pal- pable micro-reticulation or shagreening (more polished than in T. violaceipennis); punctures very sparse and faint, their setae much more widely spaced than the lengths of the interspaces. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.5 as long as fore wing; straight, rather slender, strongly compressed; nodus very low, weakly defined, with a small



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19851 Porter - Cosmiocryptw 487
Fig. 15.
Cosmiocryptus weyrauchz, Q. SEM
and adjacent areas in anterior view.
Photograph (70X), showing head
Fig. 16.
Cosmiocrypius weyrauchi. 9. SEM Photograph (25X), showing head, prothorax, and mesothorax in iateral view.



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Psyche
[Vol. 92
and shallow notch; dorsal valve with sparse but conspicuous tiny tubercles and with a very gradual and nearly direct taper between notch and apex; tip 0.16 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.
MALE. Unknown.
TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype Q: PERU. Lima Province, Matu- cana, 2389 m, 28-30-VI-1977, C. Porter, L. Stange. Holotype in Florida State Collection of Arthropods.
RELATIONSHIPS. This species is closely related to C. violaceipen- nis and C. aricae. The very slender, microtuberculate ovipositor tip and uniflated fore tibia constitute the best diagnostic features of C. leptaechma. Also distinctive are its low and almost symmetrically convex clypeal profile and strongly shining 2nd gastric tergite with only faint micro-reticulation and widely scattered setae. FIELD NOTES. Cosmiocryptus leptaechma can not be distin- guished at sight from other members of the Violaceipennis species group. I thus offer no specific information about the circumstances of its capture at Matucana, Peru.
SPECIFIC NAME.
Leptaechma, used here as a noun in apposition, is derived and latinized from the Greek adjective leptos, "delicate", and the Greek noun aichme, "spear point". 8. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi (Porter), new combination (Fig. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19).
Trachysphyrus weyrauchi Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 220-2. Holotype Q: Peru, "Huarochiri", 3400 m, 5-VIII-1961, W. Weyrauch (Tucumhn). In 1967 (Porter: 220-22) I described T. weyrauchi from 1 Peru- vian female and 2 males collected in Tarapaca Province of north Chile. More recent fieldwork has added 6 females and 16 males, permitting some additions and modifications with regard to the original diagnosis.
FEMALE.
Color: white flagellar annulus sometimes beginning on 1st segment; gaster in a few specimens with extensive black staining (but always with conspicuous red areas); sometimes with at least a little red on coxae, trochanters, and femora basally; hind leg often wholly or almost wholly black.
Length of fore wing: 9.5- 1 1.0 mm. First flagellomere: 5.0-6.2 as long as deep at apex. Malar space: 0.86-0.90 as long as basal width



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19831 Porter - Cosntiocryptus 48Y
Fig. 17. Cosmiocryptus weyrmchi, 2. SEM Photograph (SSX), showing prono- turn and most of mesoscutum in dorsal view. Fig. 18.
Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi, Q. SEM Photograph (45X), showing rear of mesopleuron, propodeurn, and most of first gastric tergite in lateral view.



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490 Psyche [VOI. 92
of mandible. Temple: 0.5-0.6 as long as eye in dorsal view. Meso- pleuron: often smooth and polished even in lower front quadrant. Wing venation: radial cell 3.8-4.4 as long as wide. Propodeum: spiracle 2.2-2.3 as long as wide. First gastric tergite: postpetiole 1.7-2.0 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.5-0.6 as long as fore wing; nodus often rather prominent; tip 0.23-0.30 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.
MALE.
Color: white flagellar annulus on segments 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 to 13, 14, or 15; mid coxa occasionally marked with red. Length of fore wing: 4.8-9.4 mm. Flagellum: tyloids all much longer than broad, the 1st 3 linear (counting from base of antenna); 1st flagellomere 2.6-3.2 as long as deep at apex. Malar space: 0.70-0.84 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.6-0.8 as long as eye in dorsal view. Mesoscutum: notauli traceable up to 0.6 length of mesoscutum. Mesopleuron: in small specimens sometimes almost wholly smooth and polished. Propodeum: surface in small specimens often extensively smooth and shining; cristae often as strong as in female. First gastric tergite: postpetiole 1.3-1.8 as wide at apex as long from spiracle to apex. Second gastric tergite: setae generally shorter than the length of their interspaces, but in 1 speci- men mostly approaching interstitial length. NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 69 and 168: PERU, Lima Prov- ince, Matucana, 2389 m, 28-30-VI-1974, C. Porter, L. Stange; CHILE, Tarapaca Province, Helen, 3 170 m, 18-19-VII-1976, C. Porter, C. Calmbacher, H. Vargas; Chapiquiiia, 3170 m, 1-1977, Malaise Trap, C. Porter, IX-1977, Malaise Trap, C. Porter, 5-6-VII- 1977, C. Porter, G. Diaz, 17-20-VII-1976, 3370 m, C. Porter, C. Calmbacher, 2 1-VII-1977, C. Porter, 3-VIII-1975, C. Porter, A. Matta; Socoroma, 3000 m, 28-VI-1977, C. Porter, VII-1977, Malaise Trap, C. Porter, 7-VII-1977, C. Porter, G. Diaz. RELATIONSHIPS.
The bituberculate clypeus, usually rather sparse setae on the 2nd gastric tergite, and uniformly elongate tyloids dis- tinguish this conspicuous and somewhat aberrant species from all other members of its subgroup.
FIELD NOTES. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi frequents tall vegeta- tion, such as Baccharis and bunch grass, but also may be found on or near the ground among various grasses and forbes, including alfalfa and oregano.




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19851 Porter - Cosmiocryptus 49 1
Fig. 19. Cosmiocryptus weyrauchi, 9. SEM Photograph (45X), showing second gastric tergite and adjoining areas in dorsal view. This work was accomplished under my current U.S. National Science Foundation Grant (BSR-83 13444) and in part supported by previous grants from the same agency (DEB-75-22426, GB-6925). Grants for field research in South America awarded in 1973, '74, '75, '79 and '81 by the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration helped enormously in amassing speci- mens and habitat data. Additional and crucial support came from Fordham University Faculty Fellowships awarded for the Spring Semester of 1980 and the Fall Term of 1984. As Research Associate of the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (Florida Department of Agriculture at Gainesville), I received continual support during these studies. I am especially grateful to Dr. Howard V. Weems, Jr., Dr. Lionel A. Stange, and Mr. Harold A. Denmark of that institution, for furnishing research supplies, arranging and assisting on field trips, and for other aid.



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492 Psyche [VOI. 92
Much of the fieldwork for this study was done in north Chile thanks to extraordinarily selfless and cordial cooperation from the Universidad del Norte at Arica, among whose personnel I especially thank Dr. Raul Cortes P., Ing. Alfonso Matta, Ing. Hector Vargas, Tec. Nelson Hichins O., and Aux. Gerardo Diaz P. Mr. Jaime Zung of Fordham University prepared the Scanning Electron Microscope photographs. I am appreciative of his patience in obtaining excellent pictures without the standard gold coating. Mr. Zung worked under Dr. E. Ruth Witkus, Professor and former chairman of Fordham Biology.
The mesostenine genus Cosmiocryptus ranges from Ecuador to Tierra del Fuego in Andean, temperate, xeric, subtropical, margin- ally tropical, and Neantarctic biomes. It has 8 species in the Coastal Desert, of which 7 (C. violaceipennis, C. weyrauchi, C. diplatys, C. aricae, C. leptaechma, C. leucetrum, and C. occidens) seem to be endemic, while the eighth, C. huascar, ranges across the Peruvian Andes as far as Cuzco.
As here characterized, Cosmiocryptus
includes mesostenine ichneumonids related to Trachysphyrus but with the axillus vein almost appressed to the anal margin of the hind wing. It is also related to Chromocryptus but usually lacks large punctures on the 2nd gastric tergite and a baso-lateral expansion on the 1st tergite. Herein described are 4 new species of Cosmiocryptus: C. occidens and C. leucetrum from north-central Peru plus C. aricae and C. leptaechma from north Chile. PORTER, C. 1967. A revision of the South American species of Trachysphyrus. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: 1-368.
PORTER, C. 1979. Ichneumonidae de Tarapaca. I. Subfamilia Ephialtinae (Ich- neumonidae). Idesia: Departamento de Agricultura de la Universidad del Norte- Arica 5: 157-87.
SOLBRIG, 0.
1976. The origin and floristic affinities of the South American tem- perate deciduous and semidesert regions. In D. Goodall (ed.), Evolution of Desert Biota, pp. 7-49. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin. TOWNES, H. K.
1969. Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2: Gelinae. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 12: 1-537.




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