Lynn S. Kimsey.
Zoogeography of the Amiseginae and a remarkable new chrysidid wasp from Chile (Hymenoptera.
Psyche 97(3-4):141-145, 1990.

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ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE AMISEGINAE AND
A REMARKABLE NEW CHRYSIDID WASP
FROM CHILE (HYMENOPTERA)*
BY LYNN S. KIMSEY
Department of Entomology,
University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Members of the chrysidid subfamily Amiseginae are small, ant- like wasps, with slender mandibles and a long needle-like ovipositor. Although hosts are known for only a few amisegine species, the morphology of the female mandibles, used to open the host egg, and the structure of the ovipositor are remarkably consistent throughout the subfamily, suggesting that all species probably parasitize walk- ing stick eggs.
Amisegines occur in most zoogeographic regions. In the Western Hemisphere they are found east of the 100th meridian in North America and as far south as northern Argentina. No amisegines were previously known from Chile. In the Eastern Hemisphere amisegines are not found north of Zimbabwe in Africa, nor in the palearctic except in Japan. This subfamily is widespread in the Oriental and Australian Regions.
As with the rest of the Chrysididae (Kimsey and Bohart, 1990), the Amiseginae appear to have evolved in the Northern Hemi- sphere. The oldest fossils are in Eocene amber from the northern USSR (Krombein 1986, Evans 1973), indicating that there were species in the Palearctic Region at one time. Extinction of this group in the continental palearctic may have been due to the Pleis- tocene glaciations. Cladistic analysis of the amisegine genera (Kim- sey and Bohart, 1990) indicates 3 basic lineages, which clearly show continental relationships. The American genera, Amisega, AdeZphe, Anadelphe Duckeia and Nesogyne, are far more closely related to each other than to the Afrotropical or Indoaustralian ones, except *Manuscript received by the editor June 16, 1990. 141




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Psyche [vo~. 97
for the enigmatic genus, Anachrysis, from southern Africa. Anachry- sis has many of the primitive character states seen in the American genera. The Oriental genera, Atoposega, Baeosega, Bupon, Clado- bethylus, Colocar, Exopapua, Imasega, Indothrix, Isegama, Kryp- tosega, Magdalium, Mahinda, Perissosega, Rohweria, Saltasega and Serendibula, are all closely related. The Australian genera, Exova and Myrmecomimesis are also part of this oriental lineage. The afrotropical genera, Afrosega, A lieniscus, Lept osega, Oben berg- erella, and Reidia, are far closer to the oriental lineage than the American one since both the African and oriental genera have a round, deep pit on the side of the pronoturn, a long metanotum, and the propodeum with a carinate horseshoe-shaped enclosure or eca- rinate. The American lineage is the sister group of the others as it lacks the pronotal pit, the metanotum is considerably shorter than the scutellum, and the propodeum is transected by vertical medial and horizontal carinae or sulci.
The presence of an amisegine in Chile raised a number of interest- ing biogeographic questions. This species could have shown a trans- antarctic link with Australia, as so many Chilean insects do, or it could reaffirm the theory that even the Western Hemisphere amise- gines had northern origins. Since the Chilean species described below is congeneric with Amisega, the largest and most widespread American genus, it is supporting evidence for the northern origins of this subfamily.
Based on available phylogenetic and fossil data the evolution of the Amiseginae is relatively clear. Since the American, African and Indoaustralian lineages are quite distinct phylogenetically, and the American and Australian lineages are particularly divergent, amise- gines must have originated in Laurasia, since there are no Gondwa- naland relationships indicated, for example between Africa and eastern South America or Australia and southern South America. Therefore, amisegines must have independently colonized each of the southern "corridors", these corridors being: 1. the western palearctic to Africa, or perhaps the southeastern palearctic to Africa via India and the Middle East; 2. the eastern palearctic to Austalia, and 3. North America to South America. Subsequent extinction events eliminated amisegines from the palearctic, except Japan, and from western North America, thus isolating these 3 lineages in more equatorial or southern latitudes.




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19901 Kimsey-Zoogeography of Amiseginae 143 AMISEGA Cameron
Amisega Cameron 1888:457. Type: Amisega cuprifrons Cameron 1888:457. Mono- typic.
Microsega Krombein 1960:31. Type: Microsega bella Krombein 1960:32. New Synonymy.
Description.
Amisega is distinguished as a genus by the short malar space (generally less than one-fourth eye height); presence of a malar sulcus and partial occipital carina; scapal basin finely cross- ridged, or less commonly smooth; flagellum slender and cylindrical in both sexes; pronotum without lateral pit; scutum with or without notauli, parapsides usually present; mesopleuron anterior part punctate, posteriorly impunctate, without scrobal sulcus or carinae; metanotum less than one-third as long as scutellum with medial disk linear and obscure, or absent; propodeum broadly rounded poste- riorly and laterally; hindcoxa with dorsobasal carina; tarsal claws with medial tooth perpendicular, and forewing with Rl clearly indi- cated, Re extended by evenly curved remnant, and medial vein aris- ing before m-cu.
Distribution. This genus occurs from southern Ontario, Can- ada, to northern Argentina, Peru and central Chile. Amisega chilensis, new species
Figure 1
Holotype female.
Body length 3.5 mm. Face with dense, nearly contiguous punctures, punctures separated by polished interspaces on vertex; scapal basin with fine dense transverse striae extending from eye to eye; malar space one-fourth eye height, 4.5 midocellus diameters; pedicel length 2.8 times breadth; flagellomere I length 3.6 times breadth; flagellomere I1 length 2.6 times breadth; pronotum, scutum and scutellum polished, with small punctures separated by more than 4 puncture diameters; scutum with no indication of notauli, posterolateral corners ending in small tooth; wings reduced to small, tegula-sized pads; mesopleuron anterior half densely and nearly contiguously punctate, posterior half polished and nearly impunctate; propodeum smooth, with widely scattered punctures, 4 or more puncture diameters apart, and without enclosures delimited by carinae or sulci; terga I and I1 highly polished with punctures 4 or more puncture diameters apart. Head black with brassy tints,



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144 Psyche [vo~. 97
Figure 1.
Amisega chilensis, front view of face (left) and lateral view of thorax, with legs removed (right).
pedicel and flagellum dark brown; scape yellowish; pronoturn, scu- turn, mesopleuron, propodeum and most of legs yellowish orange, scutellum, tegula, abdomen, hindtibia and hind-tarsi black. Paratype females. Body length 2.5-3.5 mm, same as holotype except several individuals entirely dark brown to black, and the scutellum ranging from black to orange in otherwise orange marked individuals.
Paratype males. Body length 2.5-3.0 mm. Similar to type female, except malar space one-fifth eye height; pedicel 3.3-3.5 times as long as broad; flagellomere I length 4.5-4.8 times breadth; flagellomere I1 twice as long as broad. Coloration as in type, except two individuals entirely dark brown to black, also scutellum varying from black to orange in orange marked males. Holotype female:
CHILE: Region VII, Palhue, in Pinus radiata plantation, 35' 1 1'E 72' 12'S, reared from eggs of Bacunculus phyl- lopus Gray (Phasmatidae), collected 18-21 June 1989, wasps emerged between 26 October 1989 to 27 January 1990 (Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile). Paratypes: 19 males, 17 females, same data as type (Museo Nacional, Santiago, Chile; University of Cali- fornia, Davis; U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. and Cana- dian National Collection, Ottawa).
Discussion.
This unusual species does not closely resemble any other in Amisega. The greatly reduced wings in chilensis are unique in the genus, except for the inclusion of Microsega bella. Diagnostic features of chilensis are the non-metallic red (or less often black)



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19901 Kimsey-Zoogeography of Amiseginae 145 thorax, undivided propodeum, absence of notauli, and the long malar space. Most of these features might be used as an argument for placing this species in its own genus; however, all of them are reductions and do not adequately justify a new genus. There is a strong structural similarity between this species and Microsega bella Krombein. Both have the wings reduced to small pads, lack subdivision of the propodeum by sulci or carinae, the malar sulcus is faintly indicated (chilensis) or lost (bella), the notauli are not indicated, the arolium is enlarged, and the metanotum is narrowed. The reduced metanotum, enlarged arolium and absence of notauli may all be directly or indirectly related to the brachypter- ous condition of these species. Otherwise both of these species exhibit the diagnostic features of Amisega. Therefore, the morphol- ogy of this new species provides ample evidence that Microsega is actually a junior synonym of Amisega.
This study was made possible by Ariel Camousseight M, who sent me this wonderful new species.
CAMERON, P.
1 988.
Family Chrysididae. In Biologia Centrali-Americana, 1883- 1900. Hymenop- tera 1: 1-487. Taylor and Francis, London. EVANS, H. E.
1973.
Three new Cretaceous wasps from Taimyr, Siberia. Psyche 80: 166-178. KIMSEY, L. S. AND R. M. BOHART
1990.
Chrysidid wasps of the world. Oxford Univ. Press (in press). KROMBEIN, K. V.
1960.
Additions to the Amiseginae and Adelphinae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 86: 27-39.
1986.
Three new cuckoo wasps from Siberian and Baltic amber. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 88: 740-747.




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