Herbert W. Levi.
The American species of the orb-weaver genus Carepalxis and the new genus Rubrepeira (Araneae: Araneidae).
Psyche 98(2-3):251-264, 1991.

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THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE ORB-WEAVER GENUS CAREPA LX1S AND THE NEW GENUS R UBREPEIRA (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE)
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 021 38
While the majority of species of Neotropical orb weavers are new, there are some exceptions. Spiders of unusual appearance, even though extremely rare, have been named. Apparently 19th century arachnologists searched through collections for unusual specimens to name. Regrettably, unlike most common, undistin- guished spiders, the holotypes for some of the names of unusual spiders are immature specimens. Eight names compete for the apparently three, valid species of American Carepalxis. Three of the names are attached to immature holotypes. Immature spider holotypes, lacking the species characteristic genitalia, are difficult to place and if their names have priority may create nomenclatural problems.
Males of American species of both genera Carepalxis and Rubrepeira are unknown.
The methods used in these revisions of Neotropical araneid orb weavers are described in some detail in a forthcoming revision of the genera Wixia, Pozonia, and Ocrepeira (Levi, in press). Eye sizes are described using the diameter of the anterior median eyes as standard. For the anterior eye row, the distance between eyes is measured in the number of anterior median eye diameters; for the posterior row, the number of posterior median eye diameters.
The following collections contain specimens of Carepalxis and Rubrepeira. I thank their curators for making the spiders available. '~anuscri~t received 2 July 1991
25 1
Pu&e 96:251-264 tlWl). http:llpsyche cnlcluboreflSM-lSI hlml



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252
AMNH
BMNH
CAS
MACN
MCN
MCZ
MECN
MNHN
MNRJ
MZSP
PAN
ZMH
Psyche [vo~. 98
American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States; N. Platnick, L. Sorkin
British Museum (Natural History), London, England; P. Hillyard, F. Wanless
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, United States; W. J. Pulawski, D. Ubick
Museo Argentine de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina; E. A. Maury
Museu de Cigncias Naturais, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; E. H. Buckup
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mas- sachusetts, United States
Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito, Ecuador; L. Aviles
Museum National d7 Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; J. Heurtault, C. Rollard
Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; A. Timo- the0 da Costa
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de S5o Paulo, S5o Paulo, Brazil; P. Vanzolini, L. Neme, J. L. M. Leme
Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa, Poland; W. Starega, J. Proszynski, A. Slojewska, E. Kierych Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Hamburg, Ger- many; G. Rack
The research was started with support of National Science Foundation Grant GB 36161. I am also grateful to H. D. Cameron who loaned a specimen of Carepalxis, L. B. Leibensperger who helped in all parts of the research, and C. D. Dondale for carefully reading the manuscript and suggesting improvements. Carepalxis L. Koch
Carepalxis L. Koch, 1872: 123. Type species by monotypy C. montifera L. Koch, 1872: 123. The gender of the name is feminine (Bonnet, 1956: 954). Notes. The female holotype of Carepalxis montifera is in the ZMH and comes from Port Mackay [Mackay, Queensland], Aus- tralia. It has been examined for this revision. Its abdomen is



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19911 Levi 25 3
shrivelled and the scape torn off. A better specimen of this species has recently been illustrated by Davies (1988: 302). Diagnosis. The carapace differs from that of most other araneids and especially from the related Scoloderus, Wixia and Ocrepeira by having two humps or tubercles (Figs. 4, 5, 8-10, 15-17). Such humps are also present in Gasteracantha. The related Scoloderus differs by having one carapace hump larger and median (Levi 1976, figs. 125, 126) and by being much smaller in size with the abdomen having paired humps or being shield-shaped (Levi, 1976, figs. 126, 128). Gasteracantha differs by having a heavily sclero- tized abdomen, which is usually wider than long and has lateral spines and sclerotized muscle scars (Levi, 1978, figs. 69-72). Description. The cephalic region is the same color as the tho- racic region and is covered by short setae. The sternum is yellow to dark; the legs are dark and ringed and the pattern on the dorsum of the abdomen is variable among specimens of the same species. The venter of the abdomen is gray with a pair of large white patches. Carepalxis salobrensis has a wavy black line on its side (a pattern also found in Ocrepeira species; Levi, in press). The eyes are subequal and the cephalic region of females is wide, more than half the maximum diameter of the carapace. The abdomen is high and has tubercles (Figs. 4, 8, 9, 15, 16). The epigynum is heavily sclerotized, triangular to square in C. salobrensis, resembling that of Ocrepeira (Levi, in press). The southernmost of the three species, C. camelus, which has a long, flat scape, is closest to the Australian C. montifera. The only reported male (Simon 1896) is that of the Australian C. tuberculatus Keyserling, 1886. Examining Simon's specimens, I found two males which were collected with females (MNHN 17897). One male is 4.5 mm total length, and lacks the carapace humps present in the female; in the location of the humps there are slight swellings in a light field, emphasized by a darker posterior region. The oval abdomen has five pairs of tubercles, although the female of this species has only two pairs, both anterior. The che- licerae of the male are concave, an adaptation to the relatively large palpus. The palpal patella has one macroseta, the endite a tooth, the first coxa a hook, the third and fourth coxae are unarmed. The second tibia has a branch tipped by two macrosetae, as in Verrucosa (Levi, 1976, fig. 7). The palpus has a



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254 Psyche [vo~. 98
mushroom-shaped, stalked paramedian apophysis, a long tube- shaped median apophysis (matching the long female scape), and as in Eriophora, a narrow cymbium. The terminal apophysis appears fused to the subterminal apophysis and embolus, and the total structure is hinged to the radix. The embolus appears tube-shaped and hidden behind a large lamella (the palpus was not pulled apart).
Relationship. The humps on the carapace and the high clypeus are probably homologous with those of Scoloderus, but not homol- ogous to with those of Gasteracantha. The coloration, posterior transverse bars on the dorsal side of the abdomen, the black wiggly lines on the sides of the abdomen, and ventral paired white patches on dark (of C. salobrensis, Fig. 16), are homologous to those of Ocrepeira. The three median posterior tubercles of C. perpera are homologous with similar tubercles found in species of Wagneriana and Parawixia. The absence of these tubercles in two of the species might be due to secondary loss, or perhaps they're not expressed in the adult female in order to provide maximum space for silk glands and eggs.
Distribution. Nine nominal species are known from Australia (Roewer, 1942) and three from the Neotropics. Misplaced species. The complete citations are in Roewer (1942) and Brignoli (1983).
americanus 0. P.-Cambridge, 1889, belongs in Scoloderus. bispinosa Mello-Leitiio, 1945, belongs in Ocrepeira (Levi, in press).
nigriceps 0. P.-Cambridge, 1895, is Scoloderus cordatus (Taczanowski), (Levi, 1976).
normalis Keyserling, 1892, belongs in Scoloderus. NEW COMBI- NATION
tuberculifer 0. P.-Cambridge, 1889, is Scoloderus cordatus (Taczanowski), (Levi, 1976).
1 Epigynum with a scape more than twice as long as wide (Figs. 1, 3); posterior median plate hidden by lateral plates in poste- rior view (Fig. 2); Paraguay and northern Argentina . . . .camelus



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19911 Levi 255
- Epignum with a shorter scape or without scape (Figs. 6, 11, 13); posterior median plate visible in posterior view (Figs. 7, 12, 14) .................................................................................... 2 2(l)Epigynum without scape (Figs. 1 1, 13); abdomen subspherical with 1 or 2 pairs of anterior humps (Fig. 15); Mexico to Peru and Brazil ................................................................ salobrensis - Epigynum with oval scape (Fig. 6); abdomen with 5 pairs of tubercles and 3 median, posterior tubercles (Figs. 8, 9); Baja California, Mexico ........................................................ perpera Carepalxis camelus Simon
Figures 1-5; Map 1
Carepalxis camelus Simon, 1895: 157. Two female syntypes from Paraguay, in MNHN no. 193, examined. Roewer, 1942: 865. Bonnet, 1956: 954. Carepalxis vianai Gerschman and Schiapelli, 1948: 16, figs. 22-25, Q. Female holotype from Santa Maria, Misiones Prov., Argentina, in MACN no. 1835, examined. Brignoli, 1983: 264. NEW SYNONYMY. Synonymy. The structure of the genitalia and body shape of C. vianai is as in C. camelus.
Description. Female holotype of C. vianai. Carapace orange with abundant orange setae. Chelicerae orange with dark patch. Sternum light orange. Legs yellow with brown rings. Dorsum of abdomen orange-white with some black spindle-shaped setae; ven- ter whitish with black scales. Eyes subequal in size. Anterior median eyes 1.5 diameters apart. Posterior median eyes two diame- ters apart. Height of clypeus equals three diameters of anterior median eye. Chelicerae with four teeth on anterior margin, three on posterior. Legs short and thick. Abdomen suboval with anterior humps (Fig. 4). Total length 6.0 mm. Carapace 2.9 mm long, 2.7 wide, behind lateral eyes 1.9 wide. First femur 2.8 mm, patella and tibia 3.1, metatarsus 2.1, tarsus 0.8. Second patella and tibia 3.1 mm, third 2.0, fourth 2.7. First tibia 0.4 mm wide. Illustrations. Figures 1-5 were made from the holotype of C. camelus.
Diagnosis. This species is closest to the type species of the genus Carepalxis: C. montifera L. Koch of Australia. It differs from the other two American species by having an epigynum with a long scape (Figs. 1, 3) and by the shape of the carapace and abdomen (Figs. 4, 5).




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F~gures 1-5. Carepdxis cantelus Simon, female. 1-3, epigynum. I. ventral. 2, posterior. 3, lateral. 4, dorsal, 5, eye region and chelicerae. Figures 6-$0. C. perperu {Petrunkevitch), female. 6+ 7, epigyrium. 6, ventrd. 7, psterior. 8, dorsat. 9, lateral. f0. eye region and chelicerae. Figures 1 1-17. C. sa~ubrensis Simon, female. I 1-14, epigynum. 1 I, 13, ventral. 12, 14, posterior. 11, 12, {from Tepic, Mexico). 13, 14, (from Jamaica). IS, dorsal. 16, lateral. 17- eye region and chclicerae. Scale lines, 1.0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm.




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258 Psyche [vo~. 98
Specimens Examined. The species is known only from the type specimens of the two names.
Carepalxis perpera (Petrunkevitch), new combination Figures 6-10; Map 1
Epeira perplexa Banks, 1898: 251, PI. 15, fig. 1, 9. Female holotype from Sierra San Nicolas ICerro San Nicolas], Baja California [Sur], Mexico, in CAS, destroyed in California earthquake of 1906. Name preoccupied by Epeira per- plexa Walckenaer, 1842: 101 (a Cyclosa). Araneus perperus Petrunkevitch, 191 1: 309. New name for E. perplexa Banks. Bon- net, 1955: 565.
Aranea perpera: - Roewer, 1942: 849.
Note. Banks illustrated the original female. It has a longer scape than the only adult specimen examined. Banks' specimen may have been an immature before its last molt which, in some species of araneids, has a soft scape.
Description. Female from S Miraflores, Baja California Sur. Carapace orange with long white setae behind eyes and fine curly setae on sides of thorax (Fig. 8). Chelicerae orange-brown. Labium brown, endites orange. Sternum dusky in center, sides orange. Coxae orange with brown patches; legs orange with brown rings, patellae darkest. Dorsum of abdomen grayish white (Fig. 8); venter grayish white. Posterior median eyes same diameter as anterior medians, laterals 0.8 diameter. Anterior median eyes 1.6 diameters apart. Posterior median eyes 1.5 diameters apart. Ocular quadran- gle slightly narrower behind than in front. Height of clypeus equals 1.5 diameters of anterior median eye. Abdomen with four pairs of lateral humps and three median posterior humps (Fig. 8). Total length 15.5 mm. Carapace 5.5 mm long, 4.4 wide, behind lateral eyes 2.7 wide. First femur 5.4 mm, patella and tibia 7.3, metatarsus 4.2, tarsus 1.5. Second patella and tibia 6.4 mm, third 3.6, fourth 5.6.
Illustrations. Figures 6-10 were made from the only adult female available.
Diagnosis. Carepalxis perpera differs from the two other Amer- ican species by having the abdomen with five pairs of lateral tuber- cles and three posterior median dorsal tubercles (Figs. 8, 9) and by the wide, elongate, posterior median plate of the epigynum (Fig. 7).




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Levi
Specimens Examined. MEXICO Baja California Sur: 8 km S Miraflores, 11 July 1938, Q (A. E. Michelbacher, E. S. Ross7 CAS); "cape region", imm. (N. Banks, MCZ). Carepalxis salobrensis 0. P.-Cambridge
Figures 11-17; Map 1
Carepalxis salobrensis Simon, 1895: 157. Immature holotype from Rio Salobro, [Bahia State], Brazil, in MNHN no. 8494> examined. Roewer, 1942: 865. Bon- net, 1956: 954.
Carepalxis gibbosa 0. P.-Cambridge, 1889: 48, pl. 4, fig. 10, imm. Immature holo- type from Bugaba, [Chiriqui Prov.], Panama, in BMNH no. 1905.4.28.3212? examined. Keyserling? 1892: 54, pl. 2, fig. 43, imm. Roewer, 1942: 865. Bon- net, 1956: 954. NEW SYNONYMY
Carepalxis rotunda 0. P.-Cambridge, 1896: 224? pl. 27, fig. 7, imm. Immature holotype from Atoyac, Veracruz State, Mexico, in BMNH no. 1905.4.28.3213, examined. Roewer, 1942: 865. Bonnet, 1956: 954. NEW SYNONYMY Carepalxis eremita Archer? 1966: 131, pl. l7 fig. 2, 3? Q. Female holotype from Her- mitage Reservoir, Jamaica, in AMNH, examined. Brignoli, 1983: 264. NEW SYNONYMY
Synonymy. The C. salobrensis holotype is 5.8 mm long, with carapace 2 mm wide; the C. rotunda holotype is 4.5 mm long, with carapace 1.7 mm wide; the C. gibbosa holotype has the carapace 2.0 mm wide. Both C. rotunda and C. gibbosa holotypes are in two parts and damaged by insect pins. The shape of the abdomen, the carapace bulges, and the concavity between the carapace bulges are the same as those of the mature specimen from Tepic, Mexico, which is illustrated (Figs. 15-17). An adult female confirms that the species is found as far south as Bahia State, Brazil. This adult is very similar in marks, color and structure to the holotype of C. salobrensis. Its epigynum is like that illustrated of the specimen from Jamaica (Figs. 13? 14).
Description. Female from Tepic, Mexico. Carapace dark orange with white setae. Chelicerae orange-brown with dark patch. Labium, endites brown. Sternum orange with white pigment under- neath transparent exoskeleton and dark border. Coxae dark orange; legs orange with dark rings and streaks. Dorsum of abdomen whitish with dusky and black marks (Fig. 15); venter black with a pair of white patches their diameter apart (Fig. 16). Posterior median eyes same diameter as anterior medians, laterals 0.7 diame- ter. Anterior median eyes 0.9 diameter apart. Posterior median eyes two diameters apart. Ocular quadrangle wider behind than in



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260 Psyche [Val. 98
front. Height of clypeus equaling almost two diameters of the ante- rior median eye (Fig. 17). Abdomen with a pair of lateral humps and a smaller confluent pair in between and slightly anterior (Fig. 15). Total length 9.8 mm. Carapace 4.1 mm long, 3.7 wide, behind lateral eyes 2.5 wide. First femur 4.1 mm, patella and tibia 5.0, metatarsus 3.4, tarsus 1 -1. Second patella and tibia 4.7 mm7 third 2.9, fourth 4.4. Second tibia in dorsal view 0.7 mm wide. Variation. Total length of females 7.6 to 11.8 mm. None of the five adult females have the outline of the epigynum in ventral view alike (Figs. 11, 13). Most have the outline of the epigynum closer to the specimen from Jamaica (Figs. 13, 14) than the one from Mexico. The posterior face of the epigynum varies only in the width of the median plate (Figs. 12, 14). The adult female from Bahia State, Brazil and the holotype of C. salobrensis are the only ones lacking two white patches on the underside of the abdomen. Illustrations were made from the female from Tepic7 Mexico, and Figures 13, 14 from the holotype of C. eremita from Jamaica, Diagnosis. The shape of the abdomen, round in outline with one or two pairs of anterior dorsal humps (Fig. 151, and the posterior view of the epigynum (Figs. 12, 14) separate this from the other Carepalxis species.
Specimens Examined. MEXICO Tamaulipas: 1.5 km E Santa Maria Guadalupe, 43 km E Tula, 320 m, 8 June 1983, imm. (W. Maddison, MCZ). Nayarit: Tepic, 26 July 1953, Q (P. & C. Vaurie, AMNH). PANAMA Panama: Forest Reserve, Aug. 1936, early instar imm. (A. M. Chickering, MCZ); Barro Colorado Isl., Lago Gatun, 16 June - 15 July, 1934, imm. (A. M. Chickering, MCZ). PERU Tumbes: Lechugal, 2~ (K. Jelski, J. Sztolcman, PAN). BRAZIL Bahia: Fazenda Goiarema, Mucuri, 14 May 1979, Q (A. C. Niella, MCN 10125).
Rubrepeira new genus
The type species is Verrucosa rubronigra Mello-Leitilo. The generic name is an arbitrary combination of letters attached to Epeira, and is feminine.
Diagnosis. This genus is close to Alpaida and Wagneriana (and also the African Megaraneus Lawrence, 1968) but differs by hav- ing a low, flat, setose carapace and by the unusual shape of the



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Figures 18-22. Rubrepeira ruhrotiigra {Mello-LeitSo), female. 18, 19, epigynum. 18, ventral. 19, postmior. 20,22, dorsal. 21, vm~ral. Scale lines, 1.0 mm, genitalia 0.1 mm.
abdomen, which has only one posterior median projection and three pairs of lateral spine-shaped projections (Figs. 20-22). Note. The large size of the females md the complete absence of male or last instar males in collections suggests that the male might be dwarfed. Since the shape of the epigynum resembles that of Alpaidu and Wagneriana females, I expect the male palpus to be similar to that of males of thtse genera or perhaps less complex because of its small size. Based on the palpal characters of Aipaida and Wagneriana 1 expect the following: a paramedian apophysis on the side of the conductor pointing toward the radix; the conduc- tor attached some distance from the rim of the tegulum; small dis- tal hematodocha between embolus and terminal apophysis; median apophysis without large hooks or spines and directly attached to the tissue behind the radix (not as in Aruneus relatives, with the attachment offset behind the median apophysis). This species can not be placed in Verrucma because Verrucosa species do not have as flat a carapace; Verrucma have an abdomen as wide as long or wider than long; it is widest anteriorly and mu- ally bears a line of three median posterior tubercles. The Verru- cosa epigynum has a long scape usually hinged anteriorly (Levi, 1976; Lise, in preparation).
Only one species, R. rubronigra, is known.



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Psyche [VOI. 98
Rubrepeira rubronigra (Mello-Leitiio), new combination Figures 18-22; Map 1
Verrucosa rubronigra Mello-Leitgo, 1939: 110, figs. 12, 13. Immature female holo- type from Colatina, Espfrito Santo State, Brazil, in MNRJ, lost. Roewer, 1942: 879. Bonnet, 1959: 4791.
Acrosoma riscoi Archer, 1971: 158, figs. 3, 4, Q. Female holotype from Cueva de la Pava, Tingo Maria, Depto. Hufinuco, Peru, in AMNH, examined. NEW SYN- ONYMY
Note. A. A. Lise (in litteris) confirmed that the holotype of V. rubronigra could not be found. However an immature paratype of the name, from Guyana, belonging to the BMNH, was available. Archer placed this species in Acrosoma. Acrosoma, with the type species A. swainsoni Perty (designated by F. P.-Cambridge? 1904: 525) is a subjective synonym of Micrathena Sundevall with the type species M. clypeata Walckenaer (Levi, 1985: 440). Description. Female from Cauca, Colombia. Carapace orange with white hair, area between eyes darker, light band on each side of thoracic region. Chelicerae orange. Labium, endites orange- black. Sternum orange-black. Coxae, legs orange-black. Dorsum of abdomen whitish with paired black marks, lateral spines orange (Figs, 207 22); venter black with white median streak and white patch on each side of spinnerets (Fig. 21). Cephalic region of cara- pace low. Eyes subequal. Anterior median eyes their diameter apart. Posterior median eyes slightly more than their diameter apart. Abdomen with three pairs of lateral spines and a posterior median projection (Figs. 20-22). Total length 19 mm. Carapace 5.3 mm long, 4.8 wide. First femur 8.0 mm, patella and tibia 8.1, metatarsus 5.9, tarsus 1.9. Second patella and tibia 7.3 mm, third 4.1, fourth 7.2.
Variation. Total length of females 15 to 20 mm. Many females, including the holotypes of both names, have transverse dorsal black bands on red, six orange spines, and black posterior spine (Fig. 22). Between the red and black bands is a narrow yellow line. Figures 18-21 were made from a female collected in Depto. Cauca, Colombia, Figure 22 from the holotype of A. riscoi. Diagnosis. The bright coloration as well as the ventral markings of the abdomen (Figs. 20-22) are diagnostic. Natural History. W. Eberhard reports (in litteris) that the female collected by K. Mullen came from a more or less horizontal web, 2 m above ground in mangroves. An immature paratype of V.



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199 11 Levi 263
rubronigra from Guyana came from a Sceliphronfistulare (Dahlb.) wasp nest together with Alpaida trispinosa (Keyserling). The immature from Montalvo, Ecuador came from a sphecid wasp nest. Specimens examined. MEXICO 150 km NE of Barranco [?I, 1 Aug. 1958, Q (A. S. Menke, AMNH). GUYANA imm. (BMNH). VENEZUELA Delta Amacuro: Cafio Jobure, 7 April 1955, Q (J. J. Wurdack, AMNH). COLOMBIA Cauca: Isla Gorgona, Pacific Ocean, Feb. 1961, Q (F. Medem, H. D. Cameron Coll.); Borbona Island Town [?I, 5 m, Q (M. Barreto, MCZ); Guapi, Aug. 1975, Q (W. Eberhard, K. Mullen, MCZ), ECUADOR Pichincha: Rto. A. Perez Intriago, km 1 139 Via Puerto Quito, 1 June 1985, imm. (T. Gramizo, MECN). Pastaza: Montalvo, 14 Aug. 1985, imm. (D. stid id as, MECN). BRAZIL Para: Rio Gurupi, 10-26 Apr. 1963, imm. (B. Malkin, MZSP 3362). Amazonas: mouth of Rio Embira, Rio Jurui, 1933, imm. (B. A. Krukoff, AMNH). There are three species of Carepalxis in America: C. camelus, C. perpera and C. salobrensis. Only females of these species are known. Carepalxis vianai is synonymized with C. camelus; C. gib- bosa, C. rotunda and C. eremita with C. salobrensis. Carepalxis bispinosa belongs in Ocrepeira; C. normalis in Scoloderus. The new genus Rubrepeira is for Verrucosa rubronigra. Acrosoma riscoi is a synonym of R. rubronigra.
ARCHER, A. F.
1966. Nuevos Argiopidos (Arafias) de las Antillas. Caribbean Jour. Sci., 5: 129-133.
1971. Especies Nuevas de Argiopidos Peruanos. Rev. Peru. Entomol. agric. 14: 157-159.
BANKS, N.
1898. Arachnida from Baja California and other parts of Mexico. Proc. Cali- fornia Acad. Sci. ser. 3, 1: 205-308.
BONNET, P.
1955. Bibliographia Araneorum. Toulouse 2 (1): 1-918. 1956. Bibliographia Araneorum. Toulouse 2 (2): 919-1925 BRIGNOLI, P.
1983. A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Man- chester University Press, Manchester, 755 pp.



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264 Psyche [vo~. 98
CAMBRIDGE, F. P.-
1897-1905. Arachnida, Araneidea and Opiliones. 2: 1-610. In Biologia Cen- trali-Americana, Zoologia, London.
CAMBRIDGE, 0. P.-
1889-1902. Arachnida, Araneidea. 1: 1-3 17. In Biologia Centrali- Americana, Zoologia, London.
1896. On some new and little known spiders. Proc. Zool. SOC., London, 1896: 1006-1 0 12.
DAVIES, V. T.
1988. An illustrated guide to the genera of orb-weaving spiders in Australia. Mem. Queensland Mus. 25: 273-332.
GERSCHMAN DE PIKELIN, B. S., AND R. D. SCHIAPEL~ 1948. Araiias Argentinas 11. Comm. Museo krgentino Cienc. Natur. Ser. Cienc. Zool., l(4): 1-20.
KEYSERLING, E.
1886. Die Arachniden Australiens, Nurnberg, 2: 87-152. 1892-1 893. Die Spinnen Amerikas, Epeiridae, Nurnberg, 4: 1-377. KOCH, L.
1872. Die Arachniden Australiens. Nurnberg. pp. 105-368. LEVI, H. W.
1976. The orb-weaver genera Verrucosa, Acanthepeira, Wagneriana, Acace- sia, Wixia, Scoloderus, and Alpaida North of Mexico. (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 147: 35 1-39 I. 1978. The American Orb-weaver Genera Colphepeira, Micrathena and Gasteracantha North of Mexico (Araneae, Araneidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 148: 417-442.
1985. The spiny orb-weaver genera, Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 150: 429-615. in press. The orb-weaver genera Wixia, Pozonia and Ocrepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
MELLO-LEITAO, c. DE
1939. Some new argiopid spiders of British Guiana taken by Mr. C. W. Richards from the nests of solitary wasps. Ann. Acad. Brasileira Sci- enc. 11: 105-112.
PETRUNKEVITCH, A.
191 1. A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central and South America with a11 adjacent islands. Bull. American Mus. Natur. Hist. 29: 1-791.
ROEWER, C. F.
1942. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Bremen, 1: 1-1040. SIMON, E.
1895. Descriptions d'espkces et de genres nouveaux de l'ordre Araneae. Ann. SOC. entomol. France, 64: 131-160.
1896. Liste der Arachniden der Semon'schen Sammlung in Australien und dem Malayischen Archipel. Jenaische Denkschrift. 8: 341-352.



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